Rārangi arowhai manatoko MTC mō ngā kaihanga oko pehanga e hoko ana i te maitai takirua 2205.

Ngā arowhai a te MTC e whakaora ana i ngā oranga

Te Mārama ki te Hanganga me ngā Āhuatanga o te Kowiri tira Duplex 2205

Ko te maitai kore waikura takirua 2205, e kiia nei ko UNS S31803/S32205, he mea hanga kia rua-wāhangakoranue whakakotahi ana i ngā āhuatanga whai hua o ngā mea e ruaausteniticmemaitai kore waikurangā hanganga moroiti. Ko te tikanga kei roto i te hanganga tata ki te 22%kromium, 5%nikara, 3% molybdenum, me te 0.17% hauota. Mā tēnei matū kua ata tauritehia ka puta he hanganga iti e rite ana te ōwehenga o ngā wāhanga austenite me te ferrite, e mau tonu ana i te 35% ki te 65% o te ihirangi ferrite. Ko te hanganga wāhanga-rua e tata ana ki te rua o ngā kaha tuku o ngā karaehe austenitic tikanga, me te whakarato i te ātete tino pai kiwaikura, inā koate waikura o te pokame te pakaru waikura ahotea i roto i ngā taiao kei roto te hauhāora.

Mōoko pēhangae ngā kaihanga, he mea nui te mārama ki tēnei hanganga nā te mea he kaupapa hangarau motuhake tā ia huānga. Ka whakaratohia e te Chromium te kiriata waikura kore e ātete ana ki te whakaekenga waikura. Ka whakaū te nikara i te wāhanga austenite, ā, ka whai wāhi atu ki te pakari. Ka whakarei ake te Molybdenum i te ātete pitting, e inehia ana e te Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), i tatauhia ko te PREN he ōrite ki te %Cr me te 3.3 ngā wā %Mo me te 16 ngā wā %N. Mō te duplex 2205, me tata te PREN ki te 34 ki te 35, he nui ake i te PREN noa o te 23 ki te 28 mōmaitai kore waikura austeniticngā māka pēnei i te 316L. E ai ki teTe Ahumahi Rino Motuhake o Amerika Te Raki, nā te ātete pai ki ngā poka ka waiho te duplex 2205 hei rauemi pai mō ngā taiao ahumahi kaha e pakaru wawe ai ngā momo tikanga.

Mā ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te takirua 2205 ka wehewehea anō hoki i te wāhanga-kotahikowiri tirangā reanga. Ko te kaha whakaputa iti rawa o te 450 MPa (65 ksi) me te kaha kume iti rawa o te 620 MPa (90 ksi) ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te hoahoa i ngā oko pēhanga pakitara angiangi, ka whakaiti i ngā utu rauemi me te taumaha hanga me te kore e whakararu i te haumaru. Ko te roa iti rawa o te 25% ka whakarite kia tika te ngāwari mō te hanga,whakarewa, me ngā mahi whakamātautau pēhanga. Kua tohua ēnei āhuatanga i roto i te ASTM A240 me te ASME SA-240, ngā paerewa whakahaere mō ngā rauemi pereti oko pēhanga i roto i temaitaite ahumahi puta noa i te ao.

He aha te Hiranga o te Manatoko Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira mō ngā Ipu Pēhanga

Ko te tiwhikete whakamātautau mira (MTC), e mōhiotia ana ko te pūrongo whakamātautau mira (MTR) ko te pūrongo whakamātautau rauemi rānei, ko te tuhinga whakaū kounga e whakamana ana i tētahi puranga motuhake okowiri tirae tutuki ana i tana whakatakotoranga kua tohua. Mō ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga, he nui atu te MTC i te tikanga whakahaere noa iho. Koinei te taunakitanga matua e whakaatu ana ka mahi haumaru te rauemi i tukuna i raro i ngā pēhanga tino nui, ngā pāmahana, me ngā pānga matū e pā ana ki ngā oko pēhanga i te wā e mahi ana. E whakahau ana te American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Wāhanga II me tuhi katoa ngā rauemi katoa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā oko pēhanga kua tohua ki te waehere me ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau ka taea te whai. Ki te kore he MTC kua manatokohia, kāore e taea e te oko pēhanga te whiwhi i tana tohu ASME, ā, ka tūpono te kaihanga ki te kawenga mō te kore tutuki i ngā ture.

Ka tino kino ngā hua o te whakaae ki ngā MTC kāore anō kia manatokohia, kāore rānei i te tinihangatia. I roto i te umanga tukatuka matū, ka pakaru pea tētahi oko pēhanga i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi kāore e tino tutuki i ngā whakaritenga takirua 2205 i raro i te pakaru waikura ahotea hauota i roto i ngā marama o te whakatūnga. I roto i ngā tono hinu me te hau, inā koa ngā taiao ratonga kawa kei roto te hauwai whanariki, ko ngā rauemi kāore e tutuki i ngāNACE MR0175Ka pāngia pea ngā whakaritenga pakeke e te pakaru o te ahotea whanariki, ka arahi ki te pakaru kino, te poke o te taiao, me te ngaronga o te ora. Ehara ēnei i te mōrearea ariā. Ka ripoatahia e te Poari Motu o ngā Kaitirotiro Ipu Pēhanga me ngā Ipu Pēhanga ngā aituā e ahu mai ana i ngā rahunga tiwhikete rauemi, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te manatoko MTC pakari mō ia wera o te rauemi e uru ana ki te toa hanga.

Ka nui ake ngā wero manatoko nā te hoko mai i tāwāhi. Ina hoko mai ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga i te 2205 takirua mai i ngā mira o tāwāhi, inā koa mai i ngā mākete he rerekē ngā paerewa whakahaere kounga, ka piki ake te mōrearea o te whiwhi rauemi kāore i oti, kāore rānei i te tika ngā tuhinga. Ko ngā arai reo, ngā whakatakotoranga tiwhikete kāore i te mōhiotia, me te tawhiti mai i te mira whakaputa ka whai wāhi katoa ki te uauatanga o te manatoko. Koinei tonu te take he mea nui te whakatū hononga ki ngā kaiwhakarato mārama, arotahi ki te kounga. Ko ngā kaiwhakarato rongonui pērā iĀe, he kowiri tirakia mārama ko te whakarato i ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau mira katoa, ka taea te manatoko, ehara i te mea he mahi pakihi pai anake engari he whakaritenga taketake mō te mahi tika ki te umanga oko pehanga. Ko tā rātou hītori mahi kua tuhia mō te tukutakirua 2205 ki ngā kaihangarau tipu tukatuka matū i Amerika Te Rakie whakaatu ana i te taumata pakari o te tiwhikete e tika ana kia tumanakohia e ngā kaihoko o te ao.

Manatoko Hanganga Matū: Ngā Mea hei Tirotiro i ia MTC

Ko te wāhanga hanganga matū o te tiwhikete whakamātautau mira te tuatahi me te mea tino nui mō te manatoko i te takirua 2205. Me ripoata e ia MTC ngā uara tātari wera me te tātari hua mō ngā huānga whakarewa matua. Ko te tātari wera e tohu ana i te hanganga i whakatauhia mai i ngā tauira i tangohia i te wā o te tukanga rewa, te tukanga makanga tuatahi rānei, ko te tātari hua (e kiia ana ko te tātari tirotiro) ka mahia ki ngā tauira i tangohia mai i te pereti, te rau, te paipa rānei kua oti. Mō te takirua 2205, me taka te hanganga matū mō ia ASTM A240 ki roto i ngā awhe motuhake: chromium 22.0-23.0%, nickel 4.5-6.5%, molybdenum 3.0-3.5%, hauota 0.14-0.20%, waro mōrahi 0.030%, manganese mōrahi 2.0%, silicon mōrahi 1.0%, phosphorus mōrahi 0.030%, me te whanariki mōrahi 0.020%. Ka taea e ngā manawanui tātari hua te whānuitanga ake i te tātari wera, engari ko ngā rerekētanga nui e tohu ana i ngā raruraru rauemi pea.

I te arotake i te hanganga matū, kia aro nui ki ngā uara chromium me te molybdenum, nā te mea ko ēnei huānga te mea e whakatau tika ana i te PREN me te ātete waikura o te rauemi. Mena ka heke te chromium i raro i te 21.5%, ka heke rānei te molybdenum i raro i te 2.5% i te tātaritanga hua, tērā pea kāore te rauemi e whakatutuki i te ātete pitting e tumanakohia ana i roto i ngā taiao chloride. Waihoki, ko te ihirangi hauota i raro i te 0.14% ka taea te whakaiti nui i te kaha me te ātete waikura. Me noho te ihirangi waro ki raro rawa i te 0.030% mōrahi, tata ki te 0.020%, iti iho rānei, nā te mea ka whakatairanga te waro nui i te maturuturunga carbide i ngā rohe kōhatu i te wā.whakarewa, e ngoikore ana te rohe e pāngia ana e te wera. Whakawhitiwhitia ēnei uara ki ngā whakaritenga i roto iNgā paerewa ISOme te whakatakotoranga rauemi motuhake kua tohua ki te ota hoko kia tino tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga.

Ka tirohia hoki e te miihini kounga mohio te ōritetanga i waenga i te hanganga matū kua pūrongohia me ngā āhuatanga miihini. Mena he iti rawa te ihirangi nikara i roto i te hanganga matū engari he tino teitei te ihirangi ferrite i roto i ngā whakamātautau miihini, e tohu ana tēnei kua hē te whakarewa o te rauemi, kua whakatikatikaina rānei te matū i muri i te tātari wera tuatahi. Ko ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te matū me ngā hua miihini me tirotiro tonu, tae atu ki te whakamātautau taiwhanga motuhake o ngā tauira kaiwhakaatu i mua i te whakaurunga o te rauemi ki te hanganga oko pēhanga.

Ngā Āhuatanga Mīhini me ngā Whakaritenga Pakari mō te Ratonga Ipu Pēhanga

Me whakaatu e te wāhanga āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te tiwhikete whakamātautau mira takirua 2205 kei te tutuki, kei te hipa rānei te rauemi i ngā whakaritenga iti rawa kua tohua i roto i te ASTM A240 me te ASME SA-240. Mō te pereti maitai kore waikura takirua 2205, ko ēnei iti rawa ko: 0.2% te kaha hua tauwehe o te 450 MPa (65 ksi), te kaha kume mutunga o te 620 MPa (90 ksi), me te whakaroa i roto i te 50 mm o te 25%. E whakaata ana ēnei āhuatanga i te pānga whakapakari o te hanganga moroiti takirua-wāhanga me te tāpiri hauota. Me tohu e ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga tetahi MTC kei reira ngā uara kua pūrongohia e taka ana i roto i te 5% o ngā rohe whakaritenga iti rawa, nā te mea ka tohu pea tēnei kei te tata te rauemi ki te rohe o te kounga e whakaaetia ana, ā, ka taea te whanonga kore e taea te matapae i te wā e hangaia ana me te.whakarewangā mahi whakahaere.

Ko te whakamātautau pakeke tētahi atu wāhi manatoko nui. Mō ngā tono takirua paerewa 2205, kaua te pakeke mōrahi e neke ake i te 31 HRC (310 HBW, 332 HV rānei). Heoi, mō ngā tono ratonga kawa e whakahaeretia ana eNACE MR0175/ISO 15156, ko te pakeketanga mōrahi e herea ana ki te 28 HRC (285 HBW). Me whakamārama mārama e te MTC te tikanga whakamātautau pakeke e whakamahia ana (Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers rānei) me te wāhi whakamātautau. Mō ngā rauemi pereti, ka inehia te pakeketanga i te matotoru waenga. Mena ka tukuna e te MTC ngā uara pakeketanga me te kore e tohua te tikanga whakamātautau, te wāhi, te tauine rānei, he tohu whero nui tēnei e akiaki ana i te whakakorenga, i te whakamātautau anō rānei i te rauemi i mua i te tīmatanga o te hanga oko pēhanga.

Mā te whakamātautau pānga Charpy V-notch ka whakaratohia he raraunga nui mō te pakari o te rauemi, inā koa i ngā pāmahana iti. Ahakoa he tino pakari te duplex 2205 tae noa ki te 50 nekehanga Celsius, me whakauru e te MTC ngā hua whakamātautau pānga i te pāmahana kua tohua e te waehere hoahoa oko pēhanga. Ko ngā whakaritenga noa e hiahia ana kia iti rawa te uara pūngao mimiti o te 27 J (20 ft-lbf) mō ngā tauira whakawhiti. Mō ngā oko pēhanga e mahi ana i ngā āhuarangi makariri, e whakahaere ana rānei i ngā wai cryogenic, me whai whakamātautau pānga i te pāmahana iti rawa o te hoahoa. Manatokohia kua tangohia ngā tauira whakamātautau i te aronga tika e pā ana ki te ahunga hurihuri, nā te mea he nui te pānga o tēnei ki ngā uara kua pūrongohia. Ko tekoranuHe pānga tika tō te hanganga me te taurite o te hanganga moroiti ki ēnei āhuatanga, nō reira he mea nui te arotake hohonu i te MTC.

Ngā Tohu Whero: Te Tāutu i ngā Tiwhikete Whakamātautau Mira Tinihanga, Hē rānei

Ko te mōhio ki ngā haki whero i runga i ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau mira he pūkenga me whakawhanake e ngā kaihanga ipu pehanga katoa hei tiaki i ā rātou pakihi me ā rātou kaiwhakamahi mutunga. Ko te haki whero tino kitea ko te tau wera ngaro, kāore rānei e taea te pānui. Me whakauru e ia MTC tika te tau wera ahurei e whai ana i te rauemi ki tōna rewa motuhake. Me tāia, me tohua rānei tēnei tau wera ki runga i te rauemi tonu, ā, me ōrite ngā mea e rua. Mena kāore te tau wera MTC e ōrite ki ngā tohu i runga i te pereti, i te paipa rānei, me wehe te rauemi kia whakatauhia rā anō te rerekētanga. Ka whakaratohia e ētahi kaiwhakarato tinihanga ngā MTC mai i te wera kotahi o te rauemi i te mea ka tukuna atu ngā rauemi mai i tētahi wera rerekē, he iti ake te kounga.

Ko tētahi atu haki whero nui ko te wā e huihui ana ngā uara matū me ngā uara miihini katoa i tukuna mai i te taumata iti rawa, i te taumata mōrahi rānei o te whakatakotoranga. Ahakoa e taea ana e ngā tatauranga te taka ngā uara ki ngā rohe whakatakotoranga, kāore pea e taea te taka i ia huānga me ia āhuatanga miihini i te wā kotahi i runga i te MTC kotahi. He maha ngā wā e tohu ana tēnei tauira i hangaia te MTC, ehara i te mea i ahu mai i ngā whakamātautau tūturu. Waihoki, kia tūpato ki ngā MTC kei reira ngā āhuatanga miihini e whakaatu ana i ngā uara tino teitei e nui ake ana i ngā taumata iti rawa o te whakatakotoranga. Ahakoa te ahua e hiahiatia ana te kaha teitei, ko te kaha hua nui rawa i roto i te duplex 2205 ka tohu i te nui o te ihirangi ferrite, e whakaiti ana i te pakari me te kaha whakarewa. Ko ngā MTC pono mai i ngā mira rongonui e whakaatu ana i ngā uara kua tohatohahia i roto i te awhe whakatakotoranga.

Ko te korenga o te tiwhikete taiwhanga tuatoru tētahi atu tohu whakatūpato. Mō ngā tono ipu pehanga nui, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahia ana mō te hinu me te hau, te tukatuka matū, ngā whare tango tote rānei, me haere tahi te MTC me ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mai i ngā taiwhanga motuhake kua whakamanahia. Ko ngā mira rongonui he mea whakamahi tonu i ngā whakahaere pēnei i a SGS, Bureau Veritas, Lloyd's Register, TUV rānei hei mātakitaki i ngā whakamātautau me te manatoko i ngā hua. Mena kāore e taea e te kaiwhakarato te whakarato tuhinga whakamātautau tuatoru, mena rānei he rerekē te tau wera o ngā tiwhikete tuatoru i te MTC, kia tino tupato. Manatokohia tonutia te mana whakamana o tētahi taiwhanga tuatoru kua whakahuatia i runga i te tiwhikete, me te whakawhiti i ngā raraunga ki te whānuitanga hua katoa e wātea ana mai i ngā kaiwhakarato kua whakapumautia pēnei i aĀe, he kowiri tira, e pupuri ana i ngā tuhinga kounga whānui mō ā rātoukowiri tirangā raina hua.

Me pēhea te Manatoko i te Pono o te MTC me te Aroturuki Rauemi

Ko te whakamana i tētahi tiwhikete whakamātautau mira me whai huarahi pūnaha e neke atu ana i te pānui noa i te tuhinga. Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te whakapā atu ki te mira whakaputa mā te whakamahi i ngā mōhiohio whakapā i whiwhi motuhake mai, kaua i te MTC tonu, i te kaiwhakarato rānei e whakaatu ana. Waea atu ki te tari whakaū kounga o te mira, ka hoatu te nama wera, ngā whakatakotoranga hua, me te rā i hangaia ai. Pātai atu ki a rātou kia whakaū mēnā e ōrite ana te MTC kei a koe ki ā rātou tuhinga. He maha ngā mira hou, inā koa ko ērā i Ūropi, i Hapani, i Kōrea ki te Tonga, me ngā kaihanga Hainamana kua roa e whai mana ana, e pupuri ana i ngā pātengi raraunga whaiwhai ipurangi ka taea e ngā kaihoko te manatoko i ngā nama wera i te wā tūturu. Ko tēnei manatoko tika me te mira te tikanga tino whai hua hei whakaū i te pono o te MTC.

Ko te taahiraa tuarua o te manatoko ko te tono i ngā pūrongo whakamātautau tāpiri hei tautoko i ngā raraunga MTC tuatahi. Mō ngā rauemi oko pēhanga takirua 2205, tonoa ngā pūrongo whakamātautau ultrasonic (UT) e ai ki te ASTM A578, ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau waikura e ai ki te ASTM A923 (e arotake ana i te pai o ngā hanganga moroiti takirua), me ngā pūrongo tirotiro ā-ahu e whakaū ana i te matotoru, te whānui, me te roa. Whakawhitiwhitia ngā hua UT me te MTC kia kore ai he hapa o roto. Ko te tikanga whakamātautau ASTM A923 ka kitea motuhake ngā āhua whakawhiti-whakarewa pēnei i te āhua sigma ka puta i te wā e tukatuka wera hē ana, ā, ka tino whakaiti i te ātete waikura me te pakari i roto i te takirua.kowiri tira.

Hei whakamutunga, whakatairitea ngā raraunga MTC ki ngā hua mai i ngā puranga o mua o te duplex 2205 mai i te mira kotahi me te kaiwhakarato kotahi. Whakatūria he pātengi raraunga hītori o te hanganga matū, ngā āhuatanga miihini, me ngā hua whakamātautau. Ko ngā uara ōrite puta noa i ngā wera maha e tohu ana i tētahi tukanga hanga pumau, e whakahaeretia pai ana. Ko ngā huringa ohorere o te hanganga, o ngā āhuatanga rānei i waenga i ngā puranga, ahakoa e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga e rua, ka tohu pea i ngā huringa o te pūtake rauemi mata, ngā whakarerekētanga tukanga hanga, ngā take whakahaere kounga rānei i te mira. Mō ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga e hoko mai ana i tāwāhi, me whai tikanga te hanga i ēnei raraunga hītori engari he tiaki nui tēnei mai i te whiwhinga rauemi iti iho i te paerewa. Whakaarohia te utu i tētahi tohunga whakarewa, i tētahi miihini rauemi rānei hei arotake i ngā MTC mō ngā ota utu nui, ngā ota haumaru nui rānei, inā koa ka mahi tahi me ngā kaiwhakarato hou mō te wā tuatahi.

Duplex 2205 vs 316L vs Super Duplex 2507: Te Kōwhiri i te Taumata Tika

He maha ngā wā ka tūtaki ngā kaihangarau oko pēhanga ki te whakatau ko tēheakowiri tirate tohu hei tohu mō tētahi tono kua whakaritea. Ko ngā tohu e toru e whakaarohia ana mō te ratonga waikura ko te maitai kore waikura austenitic 316L, te takirua 2205, me te takirua nui 2507. He rerekē ngā painga me ngā herenga o ia tohu me aromatawai ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere motuhake o te oko pēhanga. He mea nui te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga hei whiriwhiri rauemi utu-whai hua hei whakarite i te pono o te ratonga mō te wā roa. E ai kiSSINA, ko te kōwhiringa o te momo e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taiao waikura, te pāmahana whakahaere, ngā whakaritenga pēhanga, me te roanga o te ora ratonga e tumanakohia ana o te taputapu.

Ko te karaehe 316L te austenitic mahikowiri tiramō ngā taiao waikura āhua. Me te 16-18% te chromium, 10-14% te nickel, me te 2-3% te molybdenum, ka whakarato te 316L i te ātete pai ki te waikura whānui me te tino pai o te hanganga me te whakarewa. Heoi, ko tōna PREN o te 23-26 pea ka ngawari ki te waikura poka me te kapiti i roto i ngā taiao pūhaumāota kukū, inā koa i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 50 nekehanga Celsius. Ko tōna kaha hua o te 170-205 MPa he tata ki te hautoru o te 2205 takirua, me te hiahia kia matotoru ake ngā pakitara oko toto mō ngā whakatauranga pēhanga ōrite. Ko te karaehe 316L tonu te whiringa tika mō te tukatuka matū āhua, te kai me te inu, te rongoā, me ngā tono hoahoanga kei reira he iti ngā kukū pūhaumāota, ā, he mea nui te arotau i te utu.

Ko te Duplex 2205 kei waenganui, e tuku ana i te kaha whakaputa e rua pea te nui atu i te 316L me te PREN o te 34-35, e pai ai mō ngā taiao whai rawa i te hauota i roto i ngā tipu tukatuka matū, ngā whare whakaputa hinu me te hau, ngā tipu tango tote, me ngā mira penupenu me te pepa. Ko te iti o te ihirangi nikara ki te whakataurite ki te 316L ka nui ake te pumau o te utu, nā te mea ka taea e ngā utu nikara te huri. Ko te Super duplex 2507, me te tata ki te 25% chromium, 7% nikara, me te 4% molybdenum, ka whakarato i te PREN i runga ake i te 40, ā, me tohu noa i te wā e nui ake ana ngā āhuatanga mahi i ngā kaha o te duplex 2205. Kei roto i tēnei ko te pāpāho hauota tino kukū, ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te 60 nekehanga Celsius i te wai moana, ngā taiao hohonu o te moana, me te tukatuka waikawa kaha. Heoi, ko te super duplex 2507 e hiahia ana ki ngā tikanga whakarewa kaha ake, ngā mana whakahaere wera kaha ake, me ngā utu rauemi teitei ake, e waiho ana te duplex 2205 hei whiringa hangarau pai mō te nuinga o ngā tono ipu pehanga ahumahi puta noa i te ao.

Ngā Taupānga o te Ao Tūturu: Te Wāhi e Hiranga ai ngā Ipu Pēhanga Duplex 2205

Ko te whakatinanatanga mahi o te maitai kore waikura takirua 2205 i roto i te hanganga oko pēhanga e horapa ana i ngā ahumahi taumaha maha e tūtaki ai ngā pāpāho waikura me ngā pēhanga teitei. I roto i ngā tipu tukatuka matū puta noa i te Takutai Moana o te Hononga o Amerika, inā koa i te ara ahumahi o Houston, kua noho te takirua 2205 hei rauemi paerewa mō ngā tauhohenga, ngā pou, ngā whakawhiti wera, me ngā oko rokiroki e whakahaere ana i ngā awa tukatuka whai rawa i te hauota. I kōrerohia e tētahi tipu matū i Houston, i tohua ai te takirua 2205 mō tētahi whare whakaputa hauota waro hou, he pikinga roa o te ora ratonga neke atu i te 300% ki te whakataurite ki ngā oko 316L i whakamahia i mua, i hiahiatia kia whakakapia i ia toru ki te rima tau nā te pakaru o te poka me te pakaru o te waikura ahotea. I whakakorea te utu rauemi tuatahi teitei o te takirua 2205 i roto i te huringa whakahaere tuatahi mā te whakakore i ngā kati kore i whakamaheretia me ngā utu whakatika ohorere.

Ko ngā papa hinu me te hau o waho o te moana i te Moana-a-Kiwa tētahi atu tono nui mō ngā oko pēhanga takirua 2205. Ko te whakakotahitanga o te pānga o te wai moana, te hauwai whanariki i roto i ngā wai kua whakaputaina, ngā pēhanga teitei, me ngā pāmahana iti o te taiao e hanga ana i tētahi o ngā taiao ratonga tino uaua mō ngā rauemi hangarau katoa. Kua whakapūmau ngā kaiwhakahaere o te Moana-a-Kiwa i ngā paerewa mō te takirua 2205 mō ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai moana, ngā wehewehe tukanga, me ngā oko maimoatanga wai kua whakaputaina. Ko te ātete o te rauemi ki te pakaru waikura ahotea hauota me tōna tutuki kiNACE MR0175Nā ngā whakaritenga ratonga pai, he mea tino pai mō ēnei mahi. Me tutuki ngā tikanga whakarewa mō ngā kaipuke takirua o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa 2205 ki ngā whakaritenga kounga pakari, tae atu ki te whakaurunga wera whakahaere, ngā here pāmahana i waenga i ngā ara, me te manatoko i te ihirangi ferrite i muri i te whakarewatanga kia rite ai te mahi a ngā hononga whakarewa ki te rauemi matua.

Kua whakamahia e ngā tipu tango tote i te Middle East, inā koa i Saudi Arabia me te United Arab Emirates, te duplex 2205 mō ngā paipa pēhanga teitei, ngā oko mura, me ngā oko pēhanga osmosis whakamuri. Ko te kukū nui rawa o te pūhaumāota i roto i te wai moana o te Moana Arapi (tata ki te 45,000-50,000 mg/L o ngā totoka rewa katoa) me te pāmahana whakahaere o te 40-55 nekehanga Celsius i roto i ngā tukanga tango tote wera, kāore e pai te 316L nā te tere o te whakaeke poka. Ka whakaratohia e te Duplex 2205 te ātete waikura e tika ana, me te tuku i ngā pakitara oko kia angiangi ake nā tōna kaha miihini pai ake, ka whakaiti i ngā utu rauemi me te hanga. Ko te umanga penupenu me te pepa i Scandinavia me Amerika ki te Tonga e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te duplex 2205 mō ngā mīhini keri, ngā horoi horoi, me ngā oko whakaora matū, kei reira te ātete ki ngā wai kei roto he pūhaumāota waikawa mō te mahi tonu.

Te Rapu i ngā Tikanga Pai rawa atu mō ngā Kaihanga Ipu Pēhanga

Ko te whakatū i tētahi kaupapa tohu kaiwhakarato pakari te tūāpapa o te rapu angitu i ngā rauemi takirua 2205 mō te hanga ipu pehanga. Tīmata mā te manatoko kei te mira whakaputa ngā tiwhikete o nāianei ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere kounga ISO 9001, ā, ki te tika, ngā tiwhikete ahumahi motuhake pēnei i te whakaaetanga PED (Pressure Equipment Directive), NADCAP, ngā tiwhikete kounga karihi rānei. Tonoa he pukapuka kounga katoa, he mahere kounga rānei mai i te mira e tuhi ana i ā rātou tukanga tirotiro me te whakamātautau mō ngā taumata takirua. Aromatawaihia te kaha o te mira ki te mahi i ngā whakamātautau katoa e hiahiatia ana i roto i te whare, tae atu ki te tātari matū (tirotiro tukunga whatu, XRF rānei), te whakamātautau miihini (kuku, pakeke, pānga), te whakamātautau waikura (ASTM A923), me te whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (whakamātautau ultrasonic). Ko ngā mira me tuku atu ngā whakamātautau nui ki waho, ka whakaroa pea, ka hiahiatia hoki he whakaritenga tuhinga mekameka-o-te-tiaki.

I te wā e tuku ana i ngā ota hoko mō ngā rauemi ipu pēhanga takirua 2205, whakaurua ngā whakaritenga mārama mō te ihirangi me te whakatakotoranga o te MTC. Whakamāramahia me tuku te MTC i runga anō i te EN 10204 Momo 3.1 (tiwhikete tirotiro mai i te kaihanga) Momo 3.2 rānei (tiwhikete tirotiro kua whakamanahia e tētahi rōpū motuhake), i runga i te hiranga o te tono. Mō ngā kaipuke kua tohua ki te waehere ASME, ko te EN 10204 Momo 3.1 te whakaritenga iti rawa. Mō ngā tono takutai moana, karihi, me ētahi atu tono pānga nui, e taunakihia ana te tiwhikete Momo 3.2 me te whakamātautau a ngā kaiwhakaatu tuatoru. Whakamāramahia mārama te whakatakotoranga rauemi e tika ana (ASTM A240, ASME SA-240, rite rānei), ngā tikanga whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana, te aronga tauira, me ngā paearu whakaae mō ia ota hoko. Ko te koretake o ngā whakatakotoranga hoko te pūtake o ngā tautohe MTC i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā kaiwhakarato.

Mā te hanga hononga roa me ngā kaiwhakarato duplex 2205 whai tohu ka puta he painga nui mō te pumau, te pono, me te tautoko hangarau.Āe, he kowiri tira, e mahi ana mai i Ningbo, Haina, kua whakatūria tōna ingoa rongonui mō te whakarato rauemi kua manatokohia me ngā tuhinga katoa mō ngā kaihoko o te ao. Kei roto i ā rātou hua ehara i te mea ko ngā karaehe takirua anake engari he kōwhiringa whānui hoki o te austenitic me te ferritic.kowiri tirangā koiri, ngā rīpene, me ngā rau i ngā taumata pēnei i te 304, 316L, 430, 409, me te 201, e wātea ana mā roto i ā rātourārangi huaMō ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga e arotake ana i ngā kaiwhakarato hou, tīmata mā te ota whakamātautau o te rahinga iti, ka whakamātauhia ngā rauemi kua riro mai ki te manatoko motuhake, ā, ka arotakehia ngā tuhinga MTC i mua i te hoko atu i ngā rahinga nui ake. Mā tēnei huarahi whakahaere tika ki te tohu kaiwhakarato ka tiakina te kaihanga me ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pono o ia oko pēhanga kua tukuna ki te mahi.