Kua noho te maitai kore waikura takirua 2205 hei taputapu mahi mō ngā oko pēhanga tukatuka matū, ngā anga whakawhiti wera, me ngā paipa tukatuka e whakahaere ana i ngā taiao whai-hauora, ngā takawaenga waikawa whanariki, me te wai i whakaputaina mai i ngā mahi hinu-me-te-hau. Ka whakakotahi te karaehe i ngā wāhanga austenitic me te ferritic i ngā ōwehenga ōrite, e tuku ana i te kaha whakaputa tata ki te rua o ngā karaehe austenitic 304L/316L me te pupuri tonu i te ātete ki te waikura poka me te kapiti i te maitai austenitic paerewa. Ka tukuna e Wow Stainless te pereti takirua 2205, te pepa, te pae, me te paipa whakarewa ki ngā umanga hangarau tipu matū puta noa i te Takutai Moana o Amerika, ngā rohe tukatuka onepu hinu o Kanata, me ngā ara petrochemical o Mehiko. Ko ngā tono noa ko ngā paipa whāngai reactor, ngā pūnaha wai tukatuka e mau ana i te hauora, me ngā wāhanga hanganga i roto i ngā mimiti FGD (whakakorenga hau flue) e mahi ana ki te whakaputa hiko waro. Nā te hangarau whakarewa-rua-wāhanga me te whakaae ki te Ture ASME kua akiaki i te whakaurunga puta noa i te hoahoa o ngā tipu tukatuka matū mai i te tau 2018, i te wā i whakahoutia ai e te Ture ASME B&PV Wāhanga VIII ngā rauemi takirua kua whakaaetia me ngā whakaritenga taipitopito mō te tukanga hanga.

He aha i whakakapi ai a Duplex 2205 i te 316L i roto i ngā taiao tukatuka whai-hauora

Ka tukuna e te Duplex 2205 te kaha whakaputa tata ki te rua o te kaha whakaputa o te maitai austenitic 316L (450 MPa vs 220 MPa te hua iti rawa), ka taea ai te hoahoa oko pēhanga angiangi ake e whakaiti ana i te taumaha me te utu o te rauemi. Ka whakaratohia e te hanganga moroiti rua-wāhanga he ātete pai ki te waikura pitting me te kapiti, me te PREN (pitting resistance equivalent number) o te 35 ki te whakarite ki te 25 mo te 316L. Mo nga kukū konupora neke atu i te 1,000 ppm me nga pāmahana whakahaere neke atu i te 60°C, ka mau tonu te mahi a te duplex 2205 ina pa te 316L ki nga pakaru pitting me te pakaru-aukati i roto i nga marama.

Ko te painga ā-pūkaha o te takirua 2205 e tautoko ana i te whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā rauemi i roto i te hoahoa oko pēhanga, me ngā huarahi pakitara-angiangi e whakaiti ana i te taumaha o te oko mā te 30-40% ki te whakataurite ki ngā taurite 316L i ngā whakatauranga pēhanga ōrite. Mō ngā tauhohenga tukanga matū nui-diameter me ngā tāke rokiroki, ko te whakaiti i te taumaha ka puta tika ki te whakaiti i ngā kawenga turanga, te whakahaere kawe ngāwari, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakatū papa. Mā te tautoko tā te Wahanga VIII o te Ture ASME ka taea te hoahoa takirua 2205 me te kore he whakaaetanga hangarau motuhake, ka whakangawari i ngā rerengamahi hangarau kaupapa.

Mō ngā taiao tukanga e mau ana te hauota, ko te takirua 2205 te whakatakotoranga maitai kore waikura whai hua anake e ora ana i ngā whāinga roa o te ratonga 10-20 tau i ngā pāmahana whakahaere i runga ake i te 60°C. Ka pāngia ngā momo kē atu 316L e te pakaru waikura ahotea hauota i roto i ngā tau 2-5 i roto i ngā āhuatanga ratonga tukanga matū maha, ka arahi ki ngā kati kore whakamahere me ngā kaupapa whakakapinga utu nui. Ko te painga utu huringa ora o te takirua 2205 e tino kitea ana i roto i ngā tono nui-hauota, kei reira te utu whakakapinga me te pānga ngaro o te whakaputanga o ngā kati kore whakamahere e whakahaere ana i te tatau ōhanga huringa ora. Kei te wātea ngā rauemi tohutoro mō te tutuki i ngā waehere ASME mō ngā oko pēhanga maitai kore waikura mā te BSI i https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Ngā Tikanga Hanga e Pupuri ana i te Taurite Whakarewa Takirua

Ko te hanga Duplex 2205 me whakahaere te whakaurunga wera me te whakahaere pāmahana i waenga i te ara kia mau tonu te taurite o te austenite-ferrite tata ki te 50-50. Ko te whakaurunga wera nui rawa atu, ko te wā roa rānei i te 300-900°C ka puta he uanga āhua sigma ka pakaru te koranu. E tohu ana a Wow Stainless i te whakarewa GTAW me te GMAW me te pāmahana waenga mōrahi o te 150°C, te whakaurunga wera iti ki te 1.0 kJ/mm, me te whakamahana otinga muri-whakarewa i te 1050-1100°C mō ngā wāhanga taumaha. Ko ngā wāhanga kua whakarewahia i roto i ngā ine māmā ake ka whakamahia i te nuinga o te wā me te kore he maimoatanga wera muri-whakarewa mena ka manatoko te tohu tukanga whakarewa i te taurite āhua e whakaaetia ana.

He mea whakahau te whai i te tohu paearu whakarewa i raro i te Wāhanga IX o te ASME mō te hanga ipu pēhanga takirua 2205, me ngā tuhinga whakaritenga paearu whakarewa (WPSR) e whakaatu ana i te kōwhiringa whakarewa whakakī, te hanganga hau ārai, te ine pāmahana i waenga i ngā ara, me te ihirangi ferrite e puta mai ana i runga i te tikanga ine ASTM A240. Kei te pupuri a Wow Stainless i ngā WPSR kua tohua mō ngā whirihoranga whakarewa takirua 2205 tino noa tae atu ki te pereti hononga-tua, te paipa-ki-paipa, te paipa-ki-te-whakauru, me ngā āhuahanga hononga-peka, e tautoko ana i te hangarau kaupapa tere me te kore e whakawhanake i te WPSR mō ia kaupapa.

Ko te tapahi, te hanga, me te miihini o te takirua 2205 e whai ana i ngā tikanga paerewa o te maitai kore waikura me te aro ki ngā whakaaro mō te kakahu o ngā taputapu. Ko te tere whakapakeketanga o te takirua 2205 neke atu i te 316L mā te 30% pea, e hiahia ana kia whakaitihia ngā tere tapahi me te whakapiki ake i te pakari o te taputapu mō ngā mahi miihini. Ka whakaputa a Wow Stainless i ngā aratohu tawhā miihini mō ngā kiritaki e mahi ana i te hanga tuarua, tae atu ki ngā tere tapahi kua tūtohutia, ngā tere whāngai, me ngā whakatakotoranga rauemi taputapu mō te keri, te pato, te mira, me te huri i ngā mahi pereti takirua 2205, pae, me ngā hua paipa.

Ngā Whakamahinga o te Ipu Pēhanga me te Paipa i roto i te Tukatuka Matū

I roto i ngā tipu tukatuka matū o Amerika Te Raki, ka whakamahia te Duplex 2205 hei whāngai i ngā paipa whāngai tauhohenga e mau ana i te hauhāora, hei whakahaere i te takawaenga waikawa whanariki, hei whakauru i ngā wāhanga ā-roto o te FGD i roto i te whakaputa hiko waro, me ngā pūnaha wai whakaputa i roto i ngā mahi hinu me te hau. Kua whai mana ngā tānga ASME B&PV Code Wāhanga VIII mō te hanganga oko pēhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi duplex mai i te tau 2018, e tautoko ana i ngā whakaritenga hangarau tipu whānui. Ko ngā rōpū hangarau o Worley, Fluor, Bechtel, me Jacobs e tohu ana i te duplex 2205 i roto i ngā hanganga tipu matū puta noa i ngā kaupapa o te takutai moana o Amerika.

Ko ngā ā-roto o te ngongo FGD tae atu ki ngā demister, ngā paepae, me ngā pūwero rehu i roto i te whakaputa hiko waro he tono nui mō te pereti me te rau takirua 2205. Ko te taiao paru kua whakakiia ki te hauota i roto i ngā ngongo FGD ka tere te waikura o te maitai waro me ngā momo whakakapinga 316L, me ngā pakaru poka e kitea ana i roto i te 18-36 marama o te ratonga. Ka roa ake te roa o te ratonga o ngā ngongo Duplex 2205 ki te 15-25 tau i waenga i ngā motumotu kua whakaritea, ka whakaiti nui i te utu whakakapinga me te pānga moni whiwhi o te whakaputanga i te wā motumotu. Ko ngā kamupene EPC whakaputa hiko tae atu ki a Sargent & Lundy, Burns & McDonnell, me Black & Veatch e tohu ana i te duplex 2205 mō ngā kaupapa hanga me te whakakapinga ngongo FGD hou.

Ko te whakahaere wai whakaputa i roto i ngā mahi hinu me te hau, inā koa ko ngā awa wai totoka-rewa katoa (TDS) mai i te Permian Basin, Bakken, me te tukatuka onepu hinu o Kanata, he wero waikura e rite ana ki te kaha o te duplex 2205. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā pūhaumāota i te 50,000-200,000 ppm, te CO2 rewa, me ngā pāmahana whakahaere o te 60-90°C ka puta he tere waikura i roto i te maitai waro o te 1-5 mm/tau, me te pakaru waikura ahotea i kitea i roto i ngā taputapu 316L i roto i ngā tau 3-5. Ka whakaitihia e te Duplex 2205 ngā tere waikura ki raro iho i te 0.1 mm/tau, ā, ka whakakorea ngā āwangawanga SCC, e tautoko ana i ngā whāinga roa ratonga 20-30 tau o te hanganga whakahaere wai whakaputa. Kei te tirohia ngā tuhinga tutukitanga NACE MR0175 mā BSI i https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Ngā Tuhinga Whakamātautau Mira e Hiahiatia ana e ngā Paerewa ASME me ASTM

Ka whakaratohia e Wow Stainless ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau mira e ai ki te paerewa EN 10204 3.1, me te whai i ia pereti, rau, paipa, pae rānei ki te wera me te āhua hua motuhake. Kei roto i ngā tuhinga te hanganga matū e ai ki te ASTM A240, ngā āhuatanga miihini e ai ki te ASTM A370 tae atu ki te kaha hua, te kaha kume, te roa, me te pakeke, me te whakamātautau waikura e ai ki te paerewa ASTM A923 mō te kimi i ngā āhua whakarara kino i roto i ngā rauemi takirua. Ka purangatia ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau kia mamati mō te pupuri i ngā tau 10 i runga i ngā whakaritenga tuhinga ASME.

He mea nui te whakamātautau ASTM A923 hei whakamana i ngā hua mira takirua 2205 kia kitea ai te ua o te wāhanga sigma, te wāhanga chi rānei ka puta i te wā e tukatukahia ana te wera i te mira. Mā te Tikanga A ASTM A923 (whakamātautau tā) me te Tikanga B (whakamātautau pānga) ka kitea te ua o te wāhanga, mena kei roto, ka puta he whanonga pakarukaru i te wā e whakamahia ana. Ka whakahaerehia e Wow Stainless te whakamātautau ASTM A923 i runga i ia puranga wera takirua 2205 i mua i te tukunga, me ngā tuhinga kua whakaratohia ki runga i ia tiwhikete mira hei taunakitanga o te tutuki.

Mō ngā tono ipu pehanga e hiahia ana ki te hanga tānga ASME, ka taea e Wow Stainless te tuku rauemi tiwhikete-rua me te tānga ASME US me te tānga tohutohu taputapu pehanga CE/PED Pākehā i runga i te tiwhikete mira kotahi. Ka tautokohia e tēnei tiwhikete-rua ngā kaihanga e mahi ana i ngā paipa kaupapa o Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi me te kore he ara rauemi me te tuhi tuhinga motuhake. Ka hainatia ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau mira e tētahi māngai kounga whai mana ka taea te manatoko i ōna tohu mā te rēhita ipurangi a te tinana tiwhikete mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga katoa mō te mekameka tiaki tuhinga.

Ngā Whakaaro mō te Mekameka Tuku mō ngā Rārangi Kaupapa o Amerika Te Raki

Ko ngā wā arahi mai i te whakaae ota ki te takutai moana o Amerika, ki te ūnga rānei ki Kanata, kei waenganui i te 14-20 wiki mō ngā matotoru pereti paerewa (3-50mm) me ngā wātaka paipa paerewa, me ngā wā arahi roa ake mō ngā hononga paipa motuhake, ngā pereti nunui, ngā ota iti rānei i raro i ngā rahinga iti rawa o te mira. Kei te pupuri a Wow Stainless i te 300-500 tana mita o te rarangi pereti takirua 2205 i te whare Wenzhou mō ngā ota tuku tere ki ngā wāhi kaupapa o Amerika Te Raki, me te whakaritenga whakahaere e tautoko ana i ngā tuku ipu FCL me LCL mā te Tauranga o Shanghai me te Tauranga o Ningbo.

Me whai whakaaro te whakamahere hoko kaupapa ki ngā wā arahi iti rawa 12-16 wiki mō ngā matotoru pereti ritenga, ngā rahinga pereti nui e nui ake ana i te paerewa mira (te whānui 2.5-3.0 mita me te roa 6-12 mita), me ngā ota paipa e hiahia ana kia tukatukahia te wera ritenga, kia tirotirohia rānei e te hunga tuatoru. Whakamahia a Wow Stainless i te wāhanga ariā hangarau kaupapa, i te wāhanga hangarau taketake rānei hei raka i ngā tūranga rarangi taonga i mua i te kati o ngā matapihi whakaritenga hurihuri mira me te maimoatanga wera i te wā arahi 18-22 wiki noa.

Mō ngā hiahia kaupapa tere o Amerika Te Raki, kei te pupuri a Wow Stainless i tētahi hononga rarangi taonga o te Takutai Moana o Amerika me tētahi kaituku kei Houston e pupuri ana i te 30-50 tāne mita o te pereti me te paipa takirua 2205 i ngā rahi paerewa. Ka tautokohia e tēnei rarangi taonga o Houston te tuku 2-4 wiki ki ngā umanga miihini o te tipu matū me ngā kaihanga oko pēhanga mō te whakatika ohorere me ngā hiahia kaupapa iti. Kei roto i te rarangi taonga o Houston ngā tiwhikete whakamātautau mira e rite ana, ā, ka tautokohia hoki ngā tuhinga kounga-hanga mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga arotake miihini kaupapa.

Mō ngā pātai hoko mō ngā pereti, rau, pae, me ngā paipa whakarewa takirua 2205 mō ngā ipu pehanga me ngā tono paipa o te tipu tukatuka matū o Amerika Te Raki, ka whakaratohia e te tīma kaweake Wow Stainless he tohutohu whakatakotoranga, he tautoko whakatau utu, me te whakarite ratonga. Kei te wātea ngā tauira tiwhikete whakamātautau mira me ngā tuhinga tutuki ASTM A240 ite whārangi hua Wow Stainless.