TL;DR:Te whiriwhiri i te āhua tika mōrīpene maitai kore waikura kua hurihia mataoKoinei te whakatau rauemi tino whai pānga i roto i te tānga tika. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei aratohu ngā whakamāmā 1/4H (hauwhā-mārō), 1/2H (haurua-mārō), me te Tino Mārō (FH) puta noa i ngā āhuatanga e rima e aro ana ki te tono — te āheinga hanga, te pūngao, te kounga o te taha, te roa o te ngenge, me te utu — mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga kume, ngā hua whakamātautau piko mai i tā mātou wheketere i Ningbo Stainless Steel, me ngā urupare mara mai i ngā toa tānga puta noa i ngā ahumahi motuka, hononga, me te pūngao.
He aha te pakeketanga o te pakeketanga te tawhā tuatahi mō te rīpene tika
I roto i aku tau 15 o te whakahaere hangarau i Ningbo Stainless Steel Co., Ltd., ko te amuamu kounga e tino kitea ana e au ehara i te mea mō te hanganga o te karaehe — engari mō te pakeke. Hei kaiwhakarato ongā hua kowiri tira matao-hurihuri, ka arotakehia e au ngā take kounga e pā ana ki te āhua o te wera i ia wiki. Ka tono tetahi toa tā i te "rīpene maitai kore waikura 304" engari kāore i te tohua te āhua o te wera. Ka tukuna e te wheketere ngā rauemi kua whakamahanatia (ngāwari). Ka puta he pūwero i ngā mate tā. Ka puta he pūwero kāore e manakohia i te mahi piko. Ka rahua ngā wāhanga ki te QC. Ka tau te he ki te kaiwhakarato rauemi, engari ko te pūtake ko te ngaro o ngā whakatakotoranga āhua o te wera i roto i te tuhinga hoko.
Kei te wātea te rīpene maitai kore waikura matao i roto i ngā taumata whakamahana kua tautuhia e ngā paerewa ASTM A240 me JIS G4305, me te pakeke mai i te whakamahana ngawari (te tikanga 80–90 HRB, 150–180 HV rānei) ki te pakeke katoa (te tikanga 30–38 HRC, 350–400 HV rānei). Ka tutuki te whakamahana mā te whakahaere i te ōrau whakaiti hurihuri matao me te huringa whakamahana whakamutunga. Mō ngā tono tānga tika, ko ngā whakamahana e toru e tino tohua ana ko te 1/4H, 1/2H, me te pakeke katoa (FH). Kei ia tangata he tūranga motuhake i runga i te pihi āhua-ki-te-kaha, ā, ko te whiriwhiri i te mea hē ka nui te utu mō ngā wāhanga kua whakakahoretia, te kakahu taputapu, te utu nui rānei o ngā rauemi.
E whakaatu ana tēnei aratohu i te ariā whiriwhiri e whakamahia ana e au ina tuku tohutohu ana ki ngā miihini hoko. E rima ngā āhuatanga e hangai ana ki te tātai i ngā putanga whakaputa.
Te Whakatairite i te Awhe Pakari me te Āhuatanga Mīhini
Kei te ripanga i raro nei ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha noa mō te rīpene maitai kore waikura 304 i ia pāmahana, i runga i ngā uara rohe ASTM A240 me ngā whakamātautau kume ā-roto mai i ā mātou raina whakaputa:
| Tawhā | 1/4H (Hauwhā-Pakeke) | 1/2H (Hawhe-Pakeke) | Tino Mārō (FH) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Awhe pakeke o Rockwell | 88–96 HRB | 96–104 HRB | 30–38 HRC |
| Awhe pakeke o Vickers | 170–210 HV | 210–260 HV | 320–400 HV |
| Kaha kume (MPa) | 520–620 | 620–780 | 860–1,150 |
| Kaha hua 0.2% (MPa) | 310–380 | 380–520 | 690–930 |
| % Toronga (ira 50 mm) | 25–40% | 10–20% | 2–6% |
| % whakaiti makariri | ~11% | ~21% | ~50% |
| Te pūtoro piko iti rawa (90°, roa) | 0.5t (tino pai) | 1t (pai) | 3t–5t (iti) |
Ka kitea te taupatupatu matua puta noa i ngā pou e toru: i te pikinga o te pakeketanga, ka piki ake te kaha kume me te kaha tuku, engari ka heke tere te roa - ā, nō reira te kaha hanga. Ko te whiriwhiri i te āhua tika ko te kimi i te pūwāhi i runga i tēnei pihi e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga hanga o te wāhanga me te kore e utu mō te kaha koretake, e kore rānei e pāngia e te koretake o te kaha hanga. Ko tā mātoungā hua rīpene kowiri tira e whakaatuhia anaka kapi i te whānuitanga pakeke katoa mai i te whakamahana ki te FH, ā, e tohutohu tonu ana ahau ki ngā kaihoko kia whakamātauria he tauira koiri i tā rātou raina whakaputa i mua i te whakaae ki te rahinga papatipu.
Ahu Whakamahinga 1: Te Āhua — Te Tuhi Hōhonu, te Piko, me te Whakapiripiri
Ko te whakaritenga mō te āhua hanga te āhuatanga tino whakawhāiti i roto i te kōwhiringa whakamāmā. Mena he nui te kukume hōhonu (ōwehenga kukume > 1.8), he hanganga maha-taahiraa uaua, he piko pūtoro kikī rānei i raro i te 1.5× te matotoru o te rauemi, ka akiakihia te kōwhiringa whakamāmā ki te pito o raro o te tauine pakeke.
1/4H — He pai ake mō te āhua hanga ngāwari.Me te roa o te 25–40% me te kaha ki te piko 180° ki runga i a ia anō me te kore e pakaru (0t te radius piko), ko te 1/4H te whiringa taunoa mō ngā wāhanga tā e whakakotahi ana i te hanga me ngā whakaritenga kaha. Ko ngā tono noa ko: ngā wāhanga whāriki motuka me ngā wāhanga piko maha, ngā panera hiko me ngā taha flanged, me ngā wāhanga whakapaipai taputapu e hiahia ana kia maeneene te āhua i muri i te hanga.
1/2H — He pai mō te hanga papaku, he kaha ake.Mā te whakaroa o te 10–20% ka taea te piko 90° i te radius 1t me te hanga flange taurite. Ko te kaha whakaputa teitei ake te tikanga ka mau tonu te āhua o te wāhanga kua hangaia i muri i te makanga mai i te mate. Ngā whakamahinga noa: ngā topenga puna, ngā pito whakapā mō ngā hononga, me ngā rīpene whakapā pākahiko kei reira te piko taurite e whai ake nei me te mahi rapa.
Mārō Katoa — Kāore e taea te hanga; e whakamahia ana mō ngā mahi pātea papatahi me ngā mahi poka.Ki te iti iho i te 6% te roa o te rauemi FH, kāore e taea te piko, te kume rānei me te kore e pakaru. Kua tohua mō ngā wāhanga e hangaia ana mā te wero, te whakawātea, te kutikuti rānei — kāore he taahiraa hanga. Hei tauira: ngā mata kani, ngā mata waru, te turanga whakarara, me ngā wāhanga puna papatahi i hangaia mā te tā mai i tētahi rīpene papatahi me te kore e piko i muri mai.
Mai i te tirohanga hoko, mēnā kei roto i tō tuhi wāhanga he radius piko iti iho i te 3t, ehara te Full Hard i te kōwhiringa. Mēnā kei roto ngā piko i te 1.5t, iti iho rānei, ko te 1/4H te kōwhiringa haumaru. Mēnā he piko kei te 2t, nui ake rānei, ā, me kaha te wāhanga ki te pikau kawenga, me whakaaro koe ki te 1/2H. Ko ngā kaiwhakarato rīpene ahumahi pēnei ingā mira riipene tino tikae tuku ana i te arorau kōwhiringa āhua rite tonu i roto i ā rātou tuhinga hangarau, e whakaū ana ko te 1/4H te tīmatanga e tino taunakitia ana mō ngā kaihoko tānga tika hou.
Ahu Taupānga 2: Te Whakautu Springback me te Pūmautanga Ahu
Ko te springback te whakaoranga ngāwari o te rauemi i muri i te tukunga o te kawenga tā. He nui ake te kaha hua o ngā āhua pakeke teitei, ko te tikanga he nui ake te springback — me te nui ake o te utu e hiahiatia ana i roto i te hoahoa o te mate.
I whakahaerehia e tā mātou tīma whakaputa he whakamātautau springback whakahaeretia mā te whakamahi i te rīpene 304 he 0.5 mm te matotoru i ngā pāmahana e toru, i pikohia ki te koki 90° i roto i te V-die me te radius whana 2 mm:
| Te riri | Koki Whakamuri (toharite) | Te Pēhanga Hanga hei Tango | Rerekētanga Wāhanga-ki-Wāhanga ± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/4H | 2.5° | Kāore e hiahiatia | 0.3° |
| 1/2H | 4.8° | E hiahiatia ana — piko ki runga o te 3–5°, te takahanga piko rānei | 0.6° |
| Tino mārō | 9–12° | Tino nui — kāore e taea te tā mo ngā wāhanga piko | 1.5°+ |
Mō te tānga tika, ina ko te ātete ā-ahu he ±0.1 mm ki runga i tētahi āhuatanga kua hangaia, ka taea e te rauemi 1/4H te whakatutuki i te whāinga me te kore mahi tuarua. Mō te 1/2H, me whai piko whakarunga i roto i te mata, me whai hikoinga whakapiko rānei i te raro o te whiu.He aratohu hangarau mō te hoko rīpene kowiri tirae taunaki ana kia manatokohia te whanonga o te springback i runga i ngā taputapu whakaputa tuturu i mua i te whakaoti i te whakatakotoranga whakamahana, nā te mea ka pā te āhua o te mate me te hinu whakahinuhinu ki te rahi o te springback ahakoa te pakeke o te rauemi. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i te Full Hard mō tetahi āhuatanga piko i roto i te tā tika - he nui rawa te springback, ā, he rerekē rawa mō te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga ōrite.
Ka tohutohu atu ahau ki ngā kaihangarau hoko kia whakamōhio atu i te whakaritenga springback ki te kaihoahoa o ngā mate i mua i te whakaoti i ngā whakaritenga pāmahana. Mena kua hangaia te mate mō tētahi pāmahana motuhake, ā, ka ngana koe ki te whakakapi i tētahi rauemi mārō ake, ka kore tonu ngā wāhanga e pai ki te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga nā te springback.
Ahu Taupānga 3: Kounga Tapa i muri i te Wero me te Whakakore
Ko te kounga o te mata kutikuti i puta mai i te tā — inā koa te ōwehenga o te rohe kutikuti ma ki te rohe whati i te mata poka — ka pāngia tika e te pakeke o te rauemi. Ko ngā hua o ā mātou whakamātautau i runga i te rīpene 1.0 mm 304 i ngā pāmahana rerekē e whakaatu ana i tētahi tauira mārama:
- 1/4H:Rohe kutikuti ma = 55–60% o te matotoru o te rauemi. Ka nui ake te āhua o te rauemi ngohengohe i mua i te pakaru, ka nui ake te kanapa o te rohe, ā, ka iti ake te takai o te mate. Heoi, he paku kitea ake ngā koki taha nā te ngāwari o te rauemi.
- 1/2H:Rohe kutikuti ma = 45–50%. Ka whakaitihia e te pakeketanga teitei te rohe whakarerekētanga kirihou, ka puta he mata pakaru ma ake engari he nui ake te takai o te mate i te taha whakauru. Ko te teitei o te koiri he 0.02–0.05 mm te tikanga i runga i te mate koi.
- Tino mārō:Rohe kutikuti ma = 30–40%. Ka pakaru te rauemi i te tīmatanga o te whiunga, ka puta he mata taha pakaru te nuinga me te iti o te rohe kanapa. Ko te teitei o te koiri te mea iti rawa (0.01–0.03 mm) engari ko te tika o te taha te mea tino iti rawa.
Mō ngā tono e hira ana te kounga o te taha — pērā i ngā rīpene whakapaipai e kitea ana, i ngā panera whakapaipai rānei — ka pai ake te āhua o te mata e te 1/4H, 1/2H rānei. Mō ngā wāhanga mahi e hira ana te tika o te āhua o te āhua kua pania, ā, ko te āhua o te taha he tuarua, ka mā ake te kutikuti, ka iti ake te paninga e te āhua pakari.
Ahu Taupānga 4: Te Ora Ngenge mō ngā Wāhanga Tāia Utaina-Hiko
Ko ngā wāhanga tāia e pāngia ana e te utaina auau — ngā puna, ngā topenga, ngā maihao whakapā, me ngā wāhanga rīpene — me aro nui ki te kōwhiringa whakamāmā. Ko tā mātou whakamātautau ngenge ā-roto (ASTM E466, R = 0.1, 10 Hz) i runga i ngā tauira kurupae cantilever 304 kua tāia, i whakaatu i ngā kōtaha mahi ngenge motuhake:
- 1/4H:Te rohenga ngenge i ngā huringa 10⁷ = 220 MPa. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te ngāwari me te kaha taurite ka pai te ātete ki te tīmatanga o te pakaru. Heoi, he ngawari ake te rauemi ngohengohe ki te kino o te mata i te wā e whakamahia ana, ka taea ai e tēnei te whakatupu i ngā pakaru ngenge.
- 1/2H:Te rohenga ngenge i ngā huringa 10⁷ = 290 MPa. Nā te ōwehenga kaha-ki-taumaha teitei ake, ko te 1/2H te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu mō ngā wāhanga kua tāia ki te ngenge. Ko te rohenga manawanui he tata ki te 38% o te kaha kume, e rite ana ki te whanonga ngenge o te maitai kore waikura.
- Tino mārō:Te rohenga ngenge i ngā huringa 10⁷ = 200 MPa (ko te ngatata o te mata te mea nui). Ahakoa te kaha kume teitei rawa, he iti ake te ātete ngenge o te rauemi FH nā te mea ko ngā hapa o te mata — tae atu ki te taha kutikuti tā — he wāhi tīmatanga ngatata. Ka whakaitihia hoki te pakari o te whati i tēnei taumata pakeke.
Ko te akoranga whaihua: mō ngā puna me ngā topenga e utaina ana i roto i ngā tatauranga (mano ngā huringa), ka tukuna e te 1/2H te mahi ngenge pai rawa atu. Mō ngā wāhanga e tino hiahiatia ana mō te haumaru, ā, e pāngia ana e ngā miriona huringa, whakaarohia mēnā ka taea te hoahoa i te wāhanga me te kaha 1/4H me te wāhanga whakawhiti nui ake, nā te mea ka whakakorehia te painga ngenge o te kaha kume teitei ake e te iti o te manawanui ki ngā hapa.
Ahumahi Taupānga 5: Te Utu me te Whaihua o te Mekameka Tuku
Ko te rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā whakamāmā ehara i te mea ko te rauemi tonu — he rite tonu te utu o te maitai turanga mō tētahi momo. Ko te rerekētanga utu i ahu mai i te hua whakaputa me te wātea o te tuku:
- 1/4HKo te mea tino rongonui ko te whakamātao i roto i ngā kaihokohoko rīpene kowiri tira. Ko te roanga o te wā arahi mai i tō mātou whare putunga he 1–3 ngā rā mahi. Nā te mea he iti ake te tukanga whakaiti i te 1/4H, he nui ake te kaha o te mira hurihuri, ā, ko te utu whakaputa mō ia tana he tata ki te 5–8% te iti iho i te FH.
- 1/2Hhe rite tonu te wātea o ngā taonga ki te 1/4H i ngā mākete nui. He iti noa te utu nui — ko te tikanga he 2–3% i runga ake i te 1/4H nā te kaha ake o ngā whakaritenga whakahaere tukanga.
- Tino Mārō (FH)Me āta whakarite te mira i te wā e whakamahia ana, nā te mea ka nui te wera e puta mai ana i te whakahekenga makariri nui (50%+) i te wā e hurihuri ana, ā, me maha ake ngā wā e hiahiatia ana kia whakangawarihia mō te whakangawari waenga. Ko te roanga o te wā arahi he 10–15 ngā rā mahi mēnā kāore i te wātea. Ko te utu nui ko te 10–15% neke atu i te 1/4H mō te whakaotinga mata ōrite.
Mō ngā kaihoko hou e arotake ana i ngā rauemi tā tika, ka tūtohu ahau kia tīmata ki te 1/2H hei tūāpapa, ka neke ki te 1/4H anake mēnā e hiahiatia ana te ngāwari ake mō te mahi hanga, ki te FH rānei mēnā he wāhanga papatahi kua pania te wāhanga e hiahia ana ki te pakeketanga mōrahi. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te mōrearea tuku, ā, ka pupuri i ngā utu rauemi ki te pūwāhi whai hua o te awhe pāmahana.
Tauira Whakatakotoranga Whaihua: Me pēhea te Tuhi i tētahi Rārangi Whakamātautau i roto i tō RFQ
Hei whakarite kia tukuna e tō kaiwhakarato te āhua e tonoa ana, tāpirihia ngā whakaritenga e whai ake nei ki roto i tō tuhinga hoko:
Whakatakotoranga Rauemi:Rīpene Kowiri tira 304, Hurihia Matao
Paerewa:ASTM A240 / A240M
Te riri:1/2H (Hawhe-Pakeke), e ai ki te ASTM A240 Ripanga 2
Awhe Pakari:96–104 HRB, rite rānei ki te 210–260 HV
Kaha Kume:620–780 MPa (kua manatokohia e te ASTM A370)
Matotoru:0.80 mm ± 0.03 mm
Whānui:200 mm ± 0.5 mm (tapa kōhao)
Āhua o te Tapa:Kutikuti, tangohia ngā kōhao, te kōhao mōrahi 0.03 mm
Whakaotinga Mata:2B (whakaotinga mira, taha e rua)
Tiwhikete:MTR mō EN 10204 Momo 3.1, tae atu ki te pakeke me ngā uara kume
Te whakamātautau:Tirotiro mārō i ia koiri — 3 ngā pānui mō ia koiri, te toharite me te whānuitanga o te pūrongo
Ka tūtohu ahau kia tāpirihia tēnei whakatakotoranga ki ngā RFQ katoa, ahakoa mō ngā ota tukurua. Ko te utu mō te tāpiri i ētahi atu raina e toru ki tētahi ota hoko he kore noa iho. Ko te utu mō te whiwhi i te āhua hē — te whakaweto raina, te whakatikatika i te mate, te whakahoki rauemi — he nui ake i te uara rauemi tonu.
Te Mahere Whakatau: Te Kōwhiri i te Āhua Tika mō tō Tono
| Mena kei te hiahia tō wāhanga… | Te Āhuatanga e Manakohia ana | Ārai |
|---|---|---|
| He piko maha-uaua, he kume hōhonu, he porowhita kikī ≤ 1t | 1/4H | 1/2H, FH |
| He piko pāpaku i te radius 2t+, e hiahiatia ana he kaha taurite | 1/2H | FH (kāore e taea te hanga) |
| Papatahi noa iho, kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga, he mārō rawa | Tino mārō | 1/4H, 1/2H (ngāwari rawa) |
| Puna, topenga rānei, he mea nui mō te ngenge | 1/2H | FH (ka whakaitihia te ngenge e ngā hapa o te mata) |
| Te manawanui ā-ahu pūmau ki ngā āhuatanga kua hangaia (±0.05 mm) | 1/4H | 1/2H (rerekētanga springback), FH |
| Kounga taha whakapaipai, mata wāhanga e kitea ana | 1/4H, 1/2H rānei | FH (rohe kutikuti ngoikore) |
| Ātete kakahu, mata pa whakakoi | Tino mārō | 1/4H, 1/2H (he ngāwari te rakuraku o te mata) |
| Te utu katoa iti rawa mō ia wāhanga, te tuku ngāwari | 1/2H (tūranga) | FH (utu nui, wā arahi roa ake) |
Whakamutunga
Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i te 1/4H, 1/2H, me te rīpene maitai kore waikura matao Full Hard mō te tānga tika he whakatau hangarau maha-ahu e kore e taea te whakaiti ki te "he pai ake te pakeke" he "he haumaru ake te ngawari". Mā te aromatawai i te tono puta noa i ngā ahu e rima - te āheinga hanga, te mana whakahoki, te kounga taha, te mahi ngenge, me te utu tuku - ka taea e ngā tīma hoko te tohu i te āhua tika me te maia. INingbo Kowiri tira, ka whakaratohia e mātou te whai i te āhua o te pāmahana, ngā pūrongo whakamātautau mira, me te manatoko pakeke i mua i te tukunga mō iarīpene maitai kore waikura kua hurihia mataoota, mai i ngā puranga tauira 1-tana ki ngā oma whakaputa 100-tana. Ka tūtohu ahau kia whakaurua te whakatakotoranga pāmahana ki roto i tō RFQ me te tono tiwhikete pakeke e tohu ana i te ASTM A240, i te JIS G4305 rānei — koinei te huarahi pai rawa atu hei whakarite kia ōrite te rauemi i tukuna ki te rauemi i whakahuatia.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te rīpene maitai kore waikura 1/4H, 1/2H, me te rīpene maitai kore waikura mārō katoa?
Koinei ngā taumata whakamātao e whakatauhia ana e te ōrau o te whakaiti makariri i te wā e hurihuri ana. Ko te 1/4H (~11% whakaiti) te mea pai rawa atu mō te hanga me te HRB 88–96. Ko te 1/2H (~21% whakaiti) ka whakataurite i te kaha me te hanga ngawari i te HRB 96–104. Ko te Full Hard (~50% whakaiti) ka whakaputa i te pakeke mōrahi i te HRC 30–38 engari kāore e taea te hanga — ka whakamahia mō ngā wāhanga papatahi anake.
Ka taea te piko i te rīpene maitai kore waikura mārō katoa?
He iti iho i te 6% te roa o te rauemi Pakari Katoa, arā, ka pakaru i tētahi porowhita piko i raro i te 3–5 ngā wā matotoru o te rauemi. Mō ngā wāhanga tā tika e hiahia ana kia piko, ko te 1/4H, 1/2H rānei te kōwhiringa tika. Me tohu te Pakari Katoa mō ngā mahi whakatārewatanga papatahi, ngā mahi werowero rānei.
Ko tēhea te pāmahana pai rawa atu mō ngā topenga puna me ngā pito whakapā kua tāia?
Ko te 1/2H (haurua-mārō) te mea pai rawa atu mō te kaha tuku, te ōritetanga o te puna, me te roa o te ngenge mō ngā tono puna. E whakaatu ana tā mātou whakamātautau ngenge he tata ki te 290 MPa te rohe ngenge o te 1/2H i ngā huringa 10⁷ — te mea teitei rawa atu o ngā whakamātao e toru mō ngā wāhanga kua tāia ki te utaina huringa.
Me pēhea te manatoko i te pāmahana o te rīpene maitai kore waikura i riro mai?
Whakamahia he taputapu whakamātautau pakeke Rockwell kawe (tauine HRB mō te 1/4H me te 1/2H, tauine HRC mō te FH) ki runga i te mata papatahi kua horoia o te rīpene. Tērā atu rānei, mā te whakamātautau pakeke iti Vickers i runga i te wāhanga whakawhiti ka nui ake ngā pānui tika. Tonoa te tiwhikete whakamātautau mira e tohu ana i te tohu pāmahana — me ripoata e te kaiwhakarato te pakeke mō ia pāmahana e hiahiatia ana e te ASTM A240.
Ka pā te āhua o te riri ki te ātete ki te waikura o te rino kowiri tira 304?
Kāo — kāore te hanganga matū (18% Cr, 8% Ni) e rerekē me te whakamātao. Heoi, ka rerekē pea te āhua o te mata: ko ngā whakamātao pakeke ake he paku pāngia ake te mata mai i te tukanga hurihuri, engari he ōrite te ātete waikura i te wā e whakamahia ana puta noa i ngā whakamātao mō tētahi whakaotinga mata (2B, Nama 4, BA rānei).
He aha ngā rahinga iti rawa mō te rīpene whakamahana ritenga?
Mō ngā whakamātao 1/4H me 1/2H i ngā whānui noa (50–600 mm), ko te MOQ he 1 tana mita mō ia rahi. Mō te Full Hard, tera pea he teitei ake te MOQ (3–5 tana) nā runga i ngā whakaritenga whakaritenga mira. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaituku he pupuri i ngā whakamātao paerewa, ā, ka taea te tuku i ngā rahinga iti ake me te whakarerekētanga utu mō ia kirokaramu.
Nā Mr. Chen i tuhi — Kaiwhakahaere Hangarau i Ningbo Stainless Steel Co., Ltd. He tohunga ki te whiriwhiri rauemi kowiri tira, ngā tono hurihuri makariri, me ngā otinga tuku ahumahi. Hono atu:Instagram | Pukamata
Wā tuku: Hurae-14-2026
