1. Anga Aromatawai Āhua 4-Ahu mō te Kowiri tira 430
Ko te anga aromatawai taumata-4 mō te maitai kore waikura 430 i roto i te tono hanga taputapu kāinga e kapi ana i te matū hanganga, te āhua hanga, te ātete ki te waikura, me te pumau o te utu tuku. Ko te anga aromatawai taumata-4 te whakatakotoranga aromatawai paerewa mō te kaihanga taputapu kāinga, te kaiwhakarato taputapu kīhini, me te kaihanga kirimana taonga mā e hiahia ana ki te mahi rauemi pumau me te tuku utu-whai hua. Ka whakaratohia e te tīma hangarau WowStainless te tuhinga anga aromatawai-4 me te manatoko whakatakotoranga mō ia taumata.
Ko te kounga kowiri tira 430 te kowiri tira ferritic paerewa me te hanganga karaihe poraka-tinana (BCC). Ko te kounga 430 ko te kowiri tira chromium-anake kāore he tāpiri nickel. Ko te kounga 430 te huarahi utu-pai ki te kounga austenitic 304 mō te tono taputapu kāinga o roto. Me tono te tīma hoko i te whakatakotoranga kounga 430 mai i te kaiwhakarato me te hanganga kua tuhia mō te ASTM A240 / EN 10088. Mō te tohutoro mō te kohinga kounga hurihuri makariri WowStainless me te kōwhiringa mō ia matotoru, tirohia tetakai mataowhārangi hua.
2. Te Matū Hanga me te Āhuatanga Mīhini
Ko te matū o te hanganga me te āhuatanga miihini te mea tuatahi e tika ana kia arotakehia e te tīma hoko. Ko te hanganga noa o te kounga maitai kore waikura 430 kei roto ko te 16 ki te 18% te chromium, iti iho i te 0.12% te waro, iti iho i te 1% te manganese, iti iho i te 1% te silicon, iti iho i te 0.04% te phosphorus, iti iho i te 0.03% te whanariki, me te rino taurite. Ka tautoko te kounga 430 i te kaha hua o te 205 ki te 275 MPa me te kaha kume o te 450 ki te 620 MPa e ai ki te paerewa ASTM A240. Me tono te tīma hoko i te tiwhikete matū ia-wera mai i te kaiwhakarato me te pūrongo āhuatanga miihini kua tuhia.
| Huānga | 430 meneti | 430 Teitei | 304 meneti | 316L te iti rawa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Konukōmiuma (Kr) | 16.0% | 18.0% | 18.0% | 16.0% |
| Nikara (Ni) | — | 0.75% | 8.0% | 10.0% |
| Waro (C) | — | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.03% |
| Manganēhi (Mn) | — | 1.0% | 2.0% | 2.0% |
| PREN (Ātete ki te Pōka) | 16 ki te 18 | — | 18 ki te 20 | 25 ki te 28 |
Ko te whakataurite i ngā hanganga i waenga i ngā tohu 430, 304, me te 316L te tuarua o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Kei te tohu 304 te hanganga 18% chromium me te hanganga 8% nickel me te hanganga austenitic. Kei te tohu 316L te hanganga 16% chromium, te 10% nickel, me te hanganga 2% molybdenum me te hanganga austenitic. Kei te tohu 430 te hanganga 16 ki te 18% chromium me te kore he tāpiri nickel me te hanganga ferritic. Me tohu e te tīma hoko te kōwhiringa tohu e ai ki te whakaritenga tono taputapu kāinga.
3. Te Āhua mō te Whakamahinga Taputapu Kāinga
Ko te āheinga hanga mō te tono taputapu kāinga te tuatoru o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ka tautoko te taumata 430 i te kukume hohonu ngawari, te piko, me te tā mo te tono taputapu kāinga. Ka tautoko te taumata 430 i te uara whakamātautau kapu Erichsen o te 8 ki te 10 mm mo te awhe matotoru 0.5 ki te 1.0 mm. Ka tautoko te taumata 430 i te tauwehenga Lankford (uara r) o te 1.0 ki te 1.4 i te ahunga whakawhiti me te 1.4 ki te 1.8 i te ahunga hurihuri.
Ko te whakatairite i te āhua hanga i waenga i te karaehe 430 me te karaehe 304 te tuawhā o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ka tautoko te karaehe 304 i te uara whakamātautau kapu Erichsen teitei ake o te 10 ki te 13 mm mō te awhe matotoru ōrite. Ka tautoko te karaehe 304 i te tauwehenga Lankford teitei ake o te 1.0 ki te 1.5 i ngā ahunga whakawhiti me ngā ahunga hurihuri. Ko te karaehe 304 te rauemi pai mō te tono tuhi hohonu matatini. Ko te karaehe 430 te rauemi pai mō te tuhi hohonu ngawari me te tono hanga ngawari.
| Tawhā Āhua | 430 Tau | 304 Tau | Taumata 316L |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whakamātautau Kapu Erichsen (0.5 ki te 1.0 mm) | 8 ki te 10 mm | 10 ki te 13 mm | 11 ki te 14 mm |
| Tauwehenga Lankford (hurihuri) | 1.4 ki te 1.8 | 1.0 ki te 1.3 | 1.0 ki te 1.3 |
| Tauwehenga Lankford (whakapae) | 1.0 ki te 1.4 | 1.0 ki te 1.5 | 1.0 ki te 1.5 |
| Te Roa Katoa | 20% ki te 28% | 40% ki te 55% | 40% ki te 55% |
Ko te rohenga āhuahanga mō te karaehe 430 te tuarima o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ka pakaru te karaehe 430 i te hohonutanga o te tuhi hohonu i tua atu i te 30 mm mō te matotoru 1.0 mm. Me whakamahi te karaehe 430 i te whakamahana waenga mō te tono tuhi hohonu maha-wāhanga. Ka tautoko te karaehe 430 i te pūtoro piko o te 1t ki te 2t mō te ine angiangi me te pūtoro piko o te 2t ki te 3t mō te ine paerewa. Me tono te tīma hoko i te tuhinga rohenga āhuahanga mō ia matotoru mai i te kaiwhakarato me te taunakitanga whakamahana waenga kua tuhia.
4. Te Ātete ki te Waikura me te Whakamātautau Rehu Tote
Ko te ātete ki te waikura me te whakamātautau rehu tote te ono o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te ātete o te rehu tote (ASTM B117) mō te karaehe 430 he 200 ki te 500 hāora i mua i te putanga tuatahi o te waikura. Ko te ātete o te rehu tote mō te karaehe 304 he 500 ki te 1000 hāora i mua i te putanga tuatahi o te waikura. Ko te ātete o te rehu tote mō te karaehe 316L he 1500 ki te 3000 hāora i mua i te putanga tuatahi o te waikura. Ko te karaehe 430 te rauemi e taunakitia ana mō ngā taputapu kāinga o roto me te pānga haumākū taurite.
Ko te whakataurite i te tau ōrite ātete rua (PREN) te whitu o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ka tatauhia te PREN hei Cr% + 3.3 x Mo% + 16 x N%. Ko te PREN o te momo 430 he 16 ki te 18 (chromium anake, kāore he molybdenum). Ko te PREN o te momo 304 he 18 ki te 20 (chromium anake, kāore he molybdenum). Ko te PREN o te momo 316L he 25 ki te 28 (chromium + 2% molybdenum). Me tohu e te tīma hoko te kōwhiringa momo i runga i te whakaritenga ātete rua me te āhua o te whakaaturanga o waho.
5. Te Āheinga Whakarewa me te Whakamahana i Muri i te Whakarewa
Ko te āheinga whakarewa me te whakamahana i muri i te whakarewatanga te waru o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. He iti te āheinga whakarewa o te karaehe 430 ki te whakaritea ki te karaehe 304. Ko te karaehe 430 te nuinga o te wā ka hanga i te kōpaka matotoru i roto i te rohe wera (HAZ) me te tukanga whakarewa paerewa. Ko te karaehe 430 te tikanga e hiahiatia ana te whakamahana i muri i te whakarewatanga i te 650 ki te 800 nekehanga Celsius hei whakaora i te ātete ki te waikura. Me tono e te tīma hoko ngā tuhinga mō ia tukanga whakarewatanga mai i te kaiwhakarato.
Ko te whakataurite i te tikanga whakarewa te iwa o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te whakarewa TIG (hau korekore tungsten) e tautoko ana i te taumata 430 me te iti o te whakaurunga wera me te iti o te whakakoi i te witi HAZ. Ko te whakarewa MIG (hau korekore whakarewa) e tautoko ana i te taumata 430 me te nui ake o te whakaurunga wera me te paku teitei ake o te whakakoi i te witi HAZ. Ko te whakarewa ātete e tautoko ana i te taumata 430 mō te whakarewa ira me te tono whakarewa hononga. Me tono te tīma hoko i ngā tuhinga mō ia tikanga whakarewa mai i te kaiwhakarato me te taunakitanga whakamahana i muri i te whakarewa.
6. Te Pūmautanga o te Utu Tuku me ngā Tau 304 me 316
Ko te pumau o te utu tuku me ngā tohu 304 me te 316 te tekau o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Kāore te tohu 430 e rite ana ki te utu nikara, ā, e pai ake ai te pumau o te utu tuku ki ngā tohu 304 me te 316. Ko te tohu 430 e tautoko ana i te utu mō ia kirokaramu he 15% ki te 25% te iti iho i te utu mō ia kirokaramu ki ngā tohu 304 me te utu mō ia kirokaramu he 25% ki te 35% te iti iho i te utu mō ia kirokaramu ki ngā tohu 316. Ka tautoko te tohu 430 i te kaihanga taputapu kāinga me te matapae utu matapae mō te huringa whakaputa 12 marama.
Ko te whakatairite i te piki me te heke o ngā utu te tekau mā tahi o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te taumata 430 he piki me te heke o ngā utu ā-tau 5% ki te 8% ki te whakataurite ki te utu chromium LME (London Metal Exchange). Ko te taumata 304 he piki me te heke o ngā utu ā-tau 10% ki te 15% ki te whakataurite ki te utu nikara LME me te chromium. Ko te taumata 316 he piki me te heke o ngā utu ā-tau 15% ki te 20% ki te whakataurite ki te utu nikara LME, te chromium, me te molybdenum. Me tohu e te tīma hoko te taumata 430 mō te tono taputapu kāinga e aro nui ana ki te utu me te matapae utu matapae.
Ko te tātaritanga utu nikara LME te tekau mā rua o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te 0% te pānga o te utu nikara LME ki te kounga 430 mō ia hanganga chromium-anake. Ko te 8% te pānga o te utu nikara LME ki te kounga 304 mō ia hanganga 8% nikara. Ko te 10% te pānga o te utu nikara LME ki te kounga 316L mō ia hanganga 10% nikara. Ka tautoko te kounga 430 i te kaihanga taputapu kāinga me te pānga LME matapae me te matapae utu 12 marama. Me tono te tīma hoko i te tātaritanga pānga LME mō ia taumata mai i te kaiwhakarato me te tauira matapae utu kua tuhia.
7. Te Mahere Kōwhiringa Taupānga Taputapu Kāinga
Ko te rārangi whiriwhiri tono taputapu kāinga te tekau mā rua o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te tono taputapu kāinga noa mō te kounga kowiri tira 430 ko te papa o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi, te pūtu o roto o te mīhini horoi, te pakitara o roto o te oumu ngaruiti, te papa o roto o te pouaka whakamātao, te tātari taupoki oumu, te papa waikeri o te totohu o te kīhini, te kakau tatau o te pouaka whakamātao, te tatau o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi, me te papa o waho o te oumu. Ko te kounga 430 te rauemi e pai ana mō ngā taputapu kāinga o roto me te hiahia mō te waikura ngawari me te hototahi ki te aukume.
Ko te tono mō te panera o roto mō te horoi rihi te tekau mā toru o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te panera o roto mō te horoi rihi e hiahiatia ana te tohu 0.4 ki te 0.6 mm 430 me te whakaotinga mata 2B. Ko te panera o roto mō te horoi rihi e tautoko ana i te ātete rehu tote ASTM B117 mō te 200 ki te 350 hāora. Ko te panera o roto mō te horoi rihi e hiahiatia ana te ātete ā-ahu mō ia koiri o te ±0.02 mm. Me tono te tīma hoko i te whakaritenga mō ia horoi rihi mai i te kaiwhakarato me te manatoko ātete mō ia koiri kua tuhia.
Ko te tono mō te pūwero o roto o te mīhini horoi te tekau mā whā o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te pūwero o roto o te mīhini horoi e hiahia ana ki te tohu 0.6 ki te 1.0 mm 430 me te mata 2B, te mata kanapa rānei kua whakamahanahia. Ko te pūwero o roto o te mīhini horoi e tautoko ana i te ātete rehu tote ASTM B117 mō te 300 ki te 500 hāora. Me tono te tīma hoko i te whakaritenga mō ia pūwero mai i te kaiwhakarato me te manawanui ā-ahu mō ia pūwero kua tuhia.
| Taupānga Taputapu Kāinga | 430 Tau | 304 Tau | Taumata 316L |
|---|---|---|---|
| Papa o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Pahu o roto o te mīhini horoi | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Pakitara o roto o te oumu ngaruiti | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Papa o roto o te pouaka whakamātao | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Tātari taupoki awhe | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Papa waikeri o te totohu kīhini | Pai ake | Rerekē | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu |
| Taputapu kīhini o waho | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu | Rerekē | Pai ake |
| Ngā taputapu whare waikura nui | Ngā whakaritenga nui rawa atu | Rerekē | Pai ake |
Ko te hototahitanga tairongo-aukume te tekau mā toru o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te tohu 430 ko te maitai kore-aukume me te kaha kukume aukume. Ko te tohu 304 ko te maitai kore-aukume me te ngoikore, te kore rānei o te kukume aukume. Ko te tohu 316L ko te maitai kore-aukume me te ngoikore, te kore rānei o te kukume aukume. Ko te tohu 430 te rauemi e pai ana mō te tono tairongo-aukume pērā i te hiri tatau pouaka whakamātao me te mata o te oumu whakapūmau. Me tohu e te tīma hoko te kōwhiringa tohu e ai ki te whakaritenga hototahi tairongo-aukume.
8. Te Awhe Matotoru me te Whakaotinga Mata
Ko te whānuitanga matotoru me te mutunga o te mata te tekau mā whā o ngā whakaritenga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te whānuitanga matotoru noa mō te kounga maitai kore waikura 430 i roto i te tono taputapu kāinga kei waenganui i te 0.3 mm me te 2.0 mm. Ko te ine angiangi (0.3 ki te 0.5 mm) e whakamahia ana mō te papa o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi me te tātari taupoki oumu. Ko te ine waenga (0.5 ki te 1.0 mm) e whakamahia ana mō te pahu o roto o te mīhini horoi me te papa o roto o te pouaka whakamātao. Ko te ine paerewa (1.0 ki te 2.0 mm) e whakamahia ana mō te totohu o te kīhini me te papa o waho o te oumu.
Ko te whakatakotoranga whakaotinga mata te tekau mā rima o ngā whakatakotoranga manatoko me arotake e te tīma hoko. Ko te whakaotinga mata noa mō te kounga kowiri tira 430 i roto i te tono taputapu kāinga ko te 2B (hurihuri makariri + whakawhiti kiri + whakapūkara waikawa) mō te panera o roto, te BA (whakamahana kanapa) mō te panera o waho, te Nama 4 (whakaotinga paraihe) mō te totohu kīhini me te kakau tatau, me te Nama 8 (whakaotinga whakaata) mō te taha waho o ngā taputapu kāinga papai. Me tono te tīma hoko i ngā tuhinga whakaotinga mō ia mata mai i te kaiwhakarato me te inenga taratara mata kua tuhia.
9. Rārangi Arowhai Hokonga 5-Hipanga BOFU 430 Kowiri tira
Mō ngā kaihanga taputapu kāinga, ngā kaiwhakarato taputapu kīhini, me ngā kaihanga kirimana taonga mā e rite ana ki te tohu i te kounga maitai kore waikura 430 me te anga aromatawai 4-ahu, ka whakakotahihia e te rārangi arowhai 5-taahiraa e whai ake nei ngā whakaritenga manatoko mai i ngā wāhanga o mua ki roto i te tuhinga whakaritenga hoko kotahi.
- Manatokohia te hanganga o te karaehe 430 (16 ki te 18% Cr / iti iho i te 0.12% C) me te tiwhikete matū mō ia wera mai i te kaiwhakarato.
- Tauwhāitihia te whakaritenga āheinga hanga (Erichsen 8 ki te 10 mm / Lankford 1.0 ki te 1.8) mō te mahi kukume hōhonu o te taputapu kāinga.
- Whakaūtia te ātete ki te waikura (200 ki te 500 hāora te rehu tote ASTM B117) e ai ki te āhua o te pānga ki te makuku o ngā taputapu o roto.
- Tuhia te tukanga whakarewa (TIG / MIG / ātete) me te taunakitanga whakamahana i muri i te whakarewa (650 ki te 800 nekehanga Celsius).
- Tonoa ngā tuhinga mō ia matotoru/ ia mata/ MOQ/ wā ārahi mai i te kaiwhakarato me te rārangi mahi whakaputa mō ia whakatakotoranga.
Mō ngā kaihanga taputapu kāinga me ngā tīma hoko taputapu kīhini e rapu ana i te kounga maitai kore waikura 430, ka whakaratohia e ngā rauemi ahumahi e whai ake nei ngā raraunga whakawhiti-tohutoro mō te paerewa maitai kore waikura ferritic me te anga hanganga ture rauemi taputapu kāinga. Ko teASTM Internationale whakaputa ana i te paerewa ASTM A240 mō te chromium me te whakatakotoranga o te pereti, te rau, me te rīpene maitai kore waikura chromium-nickel.Te Whakahaere Paerewa o te Ao (ISO)e whakaputa ana i te paerewa ISO 9445 mō te manawanui ā-ahu o te maitai kore waikura. Ko teKomiti Paerewa o Ūropi (CEN)e whakaputa ana i te paerewa EN 10088 mō te tohu kounga maitai kore waikura o Ūropi. Ko teHuihuinga Kowiri tira o te Ao (ISSF)e whakaputa ana i ngā raraunga mākete maitai kore waikura ferritic me te aratohu mō ia tono.UL (Ngā Taiwhanga Kaituhi Utu)e whakaputa ana i te paerewa UL 858 mō te haumaru o ngā taputapu tunu kai hiko o te whare me te paerewa UL 749 mō te haumaru o te mīhini horoi rihi o te whare.
Mō ngā kaihanga taputapu kāinga, ngā kaiwhakarato taputapu kīhini, me ngā kaihanga kirimana taonga mā e rite ana ki te tohu i te kounga maitai kore waikura 430 me te anga aromatawai 4-ahu, ka taea e te tīma hangarau WowStainless te whakarato i te tiwhikete matū mō ia taumata, te pūrongo whakamātautau mahi-hanganga, te tuhinga ātete mō ia-waikura, me te tuhinga tukanga whakarewa. Kua tautoko te tīma hangarau WowStainless i ngā kaihanga taputapu kāinga me ngā whakatinanatanga kua tuhia puta noa i te EU, Amerika Te Raki, Hapani, Korea, me ngā mākete o te Tonga-Rawhiti o Āhia. Arotakehia te WowStainlesswhārangi rarangi hua 4mō te raina hua 430 me te whakatakotoranga mō ia matotoru, tirohia rānei teWhārangi kāinga o WowStainlessmō te kohinga hua katoa.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te hanganga noa o te kounga kowiri tira 430?
Ko te hanganga noa ko te 16 ki te 18% te chromium, iti iho i te 0.12% te waro, iti iho i te 1% te manganese, iti iho i te 1% te silicon, iti iho i te 0.04% te phosphorus, iti iho i te 0.03% te whanariki, me te rino taurite. Ko te momo 430 te maitai kore waikura ferritic paerewa me te hanganga karaihe BCC.
He aha te āhuatanga ngāwari o te hanga o te kowiri tira 430 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
Ka tautokona e te āheinga hanga te kukume hōhonu, te piko, me te tā me te uara whakamātautau kapu Erichsen o te 8 ki te 10 mm mō te awhe matotoru 0.5 ki te 1.0 mm. Ko te tauwehenga Lankford he 1.0 ki te 1.4 i te ahunga whakarara, me te 1.4 ki te 1.8 i te ahunga hurihuri.
He aha te āhuatanga ātete ki te waikura o te kounga maitai kore waikura 430 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
Mā te ātete ki te waikura ka tautokona te taputapu o roto o te whare me te haumākū taurite. Ko te whakamātautau rehu tote (ASTM B117) e 200 ki te 500 hāora i mua i te putanga tuatahi o te waikura. Ko te PREN he 16 ki te 18, ki te whakataurite ki te taumata 304 i te 18 ki te 20 me te taumata 316 i te 25 ki te 28.
He aha te āhuatanga o te āheinga whakarewa o te kounga kowiri tira 430 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
He iti noa te āheinga whakarewa. Ko te momo 430 te nuinga o te wā ka hanga i te kōpaka matotoru i roto i te HAZ me te tukanga whakarewa paerewa. Ko te momo 430 me whakamahana i muri i te whakarewa i te 650 ki te 800 nekehanga Celsius.
He aha te whakamahinga noa o ngā taputapu kāinga mō te kounga kowiri tira 430?
Kei roto i ngā whakamahinga ko te panera o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi, te pahu o roto o te mīhini horoi, te pakitara o roto o te oumu ngaruiti, te panera o roto o te pouaka whakamātao, te tātari taupoki oumu, te papa waikeri o te totohu o te kīhini, te kakau o te tatau o te pouaka whakamātao, te tatau o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi, me te panera o waho o te oumu.
He aha te pumau o te utu tuku o te kounga maitai kore waikura 430, ki te whakataurite ki ngā kounga 304 me te 316?
He pumau ake te kounga 430 nā te iti o te nikara me te hanganga chromium anake. Ka tautokona e te kounga 430 te utu iti iho i te 15% ki te 25% mō ia kirokaramu ki te whakataurite ki te kounga 304 me te utu iti iho i te 25% ki te 35% mō ia kirokaramu ki te whakataurite ki te kounga 316.
He aha te awhe matotoru noa mō te kounga kowiri tira 430 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
Ko te ine angiangi (0.3 ki te 0.5 mm) mō te papa o roto o te mīhini horoi rihi me te tātari o te taupoki oumu. Ko te ine waenga (0.5 ki te 1.0 mm) mō te pūaha o roto o te mīhini horoi. Ko te ine paerewa (1.0 ki te 2.0 mm) mō te totohu o te kīhini me te papa o waho o te oumu.
He aha te āhua o te mata e whakamahia ana mō te kowiri tira 430 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
Ko te 2B mō te panera o roto. Ko te BA mō te panera o waho. Ko te Nama 4 mō te totohu o te kīhini me te kakau tatau. Ko te Nama 8 mō ngā taputapu whare papai o waho.
He aha te utu o te nikara LME mō te karaehe 430, me te whakataurite ki te karaehe 304 me te 316L?
Ko te utu nikara LME mō te karaehe 430 he 0%. Ko te utu nikara LME mō te karaehe 304 he 8%. Ko te utu nikara LME mō te karaehe 316L he 10%. Ka tautoko te karaehe 430 i te matapae utu matapae mō te huringa whakaputa 12 marama.
He aha te whakahekenga TCO noa mai i te taumata 430 ki te taumata 304 mō ngā taputapu kāinga?
Ko te tikanga, ka tautoko te karaehe 430 i te TCO katoa e 18% ki te 25% te iti iho i roto i te huringa whakaputa 12 marama, e ai ki te utu iti iho mō ia kirokaramu me te utu para iti iho, ki te whakataurite ki te karaehe 304.
Mō te Kaituhi
Mr. Chen — Kaiwhakahaere Hangarau, he tohunga ki te whiriwhiri rauemi kowiri tira, ki ngā tono hurihuri matao, me ngā otinga tuku ahumahi.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-31-2026
