Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- 316 here taura kowiri tirakoinei tā mātou taunakitanga matua mō ngā taiao moana me ngā taiao tai, e ora ana mō ngā haora neke atu i te 1,500 i roto i ngā whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117.
- here taura kowiri tira 304he kōwhiringa utu-pai mō te whakaraeraetanga ki te moana, e tu atu ana i te rehu tote mō te 800 ki te 1,200 hāora i mua i te putanga mai o te waikura.
- 201 here taura kowiri tirakāore i te pai mō ngā mahi moana, ka kitea te waikura i roto i te 150 ki te 300 hāora o te pānga ki te tote.
- Ko te whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117 te tikanga paerewa ā-umanga e whakamahia ana e mātou hei whakatairite i te ātete waikura i waenga i ngā momo.
- Ko te nui o te molybdenum i te taumata 316 te mea tino rerekē mō te ātete ki te pūhaumāota i roto i ngā taiao moana.
- Ka tūtohu mātou i tētahirautaki hokohoko taumata-taumata316 mō ngā rohe tauhiuhi me te ruku, 304 mō ngā rohe āhuarangi.
- Ko te utu mō te 316 ki runga ake i te 304 he 20-40% te nuinga, he tika tēnei nā te roa ake o te ora ratonga i roto i ngā taiao moana.
Rārangi Kaupapa
- He aha te Hiranga o te Kowiri tira mō ngā Here Taura i roto i ngā Taiao Moana
- Te Hanganga Matū: 304 vs 316 vs 201 Whakatairitea
- Te Whakamārama i te Tikanga Whakamātautau Rehu Tote ASTM B117
- Ngā Hua Whakamātautau Rehu Tote: Ā Mātou Raraunga Whakataurite 304 vs 316 vs 201
- Ngā Taupānga Moana o te Ao Tūturu mō ia Taumata
- Ngā Taurite Utu me te Mahi mō ngā Rōpū Hoko
- Tā Mātou Anga Whakatau Hoko mō ngā Here Taura Moana
- Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te Hiranga o te Kowiri tira mō ngā Here Taura i roto i ngā Taiao Moana
Ina mahi tahi mātou me ngā tīma hokohoko moana me ngā miihini o tāwāhi, ko te pātai e tino rangona ana e mātou ko:"Ko tēhea momo kowiri tira me tohu e mātou mō ā mātou tono here taura?"He pātai nui tēnei nā te mea ka taea e te whakatakotoranga hē te arahi ki te pakaru wawe, te tāutanga anō me te utu nui, me ngā tūponotanga haumaru pea i runga i ngā kaipuke, ngā papaaho moana, me ngā hanganga tauranga. Tō mātou wheako ki te hangahere taura kowiri tirakua whakakitea mai ki a tātou ko te kōwhiringa tohu te mea tino nui e whakatau ana i te mahi mō te wā roa i roto i ngā taiao waikura.
Kua kite tātou i ngā tīma hokohoko e whakamahi noa ana i te kōwhiringa iti te utu, ā, i muri i ētahi marama ka kitea kua waikura ā rātou here taura, kua kore hoki e mau te kounga o te hanganga.Nā te meaI te mea ka pāngia ngā hononga o ngā hononga e ngā taiao moana e te rehu tote, te hihi UV, te haumākū, me te huringa pāmahana, kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te whiriwhiri i te kounga maitai kore waikura tika mai i te tīmatanga. Ko ngā momo e toru e tino tohua ana mō ngā here taura maitai kore waikura ko304, 316, me201, ahakoa he āhua ōrite tonu te tāutanga, ka rerekē rawa te mahi i roto i te wā.
I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka whakamahia e mātou ō mātou tau o te wheako ki te hanga i ngā here taura me ngā koiri maitai kore waikura kua hurihia matao hei whakarato i tētahi whakatairite taipitopito, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, o ēnei taumata e toru. Ka ārahi mātou i a koe i roto i ā mātou tikanga whakamātautau rehu tote, ka whakaatu i ngā hua o ā mātou taiwhanga, ā, ka tuku i tētahi anga whakatau hoko whai hua e whakamahia ana e ā mātou kiritaki mō ngā kaupapa takutai moana me ngā kaupapa hanga kaipuke puta noa i te ao.
Te Hanganga Matū: 304 vs 316 vs 201 Whakatairitea
Hei mārama he aha i pai ake ai te mahi a ētahi momo i roto i ngā āhuatanga moana, me tirotiro tātou i ngā mea kei roto i ia koranu maitai kore waikura i te taumata whakarewa. Ko te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai kore waikura i ahu mai i te ihirangi chromium, e hanga ana i te paparanga chromium oxide kore mahi i runga i te mata. Heoi, ko ngā huānga koranu tāpiri - inā koanikaramemoripenemu— he mahi nui tā mātou ki te whakatau i te pai o te ātete a te paparanga korehau ki te whakaekenga o te hauota i roto i ngā taiao rehu tote. Ka tangohia e mātou ā mātou rauemi mata hei koiri me ngā rīpene maitai kore waikura kua hurihia matao, ā, ka manatokohia e mātou te hanganga matū o ia puranga i mua i te tīmatanga o te hanga.
Anei te whakataurite i ngā momo matū e toru i roto i ō rātou hanganga ingoa:
| Huānga | 304 (18Cr-8Ni) | 316 (16Cr-10Ni-2Mo) | 201 (17Cr-4.5Ni-6Mn) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Konukōmiuma (Kr) | 18.0 – 20.0% | 16.0 – 18.0% | 17.0 – 19.0% |
| Nikara (Ni) | 8.0 – 10.5% | 10.0 – 14.0% | 1.0 – 5.0% |
| Molibdenuma (Mo) | Kāore | 2.0 – 3.0% | Kāore |
| Manganēhi (Mn) | Teitei 2.0% | Teitei 2.0% | 5.5 – 7.5% |
| Hauota (N) | Teitei 0.10% | Teitei 0.10% | Teitei 0.25% |
| Waro (C) | Teitei 0.08% | Teitei 0.08% | Teitei 0.15% |
Ko te molybdenum te mea tino rerekē mō te mahi a te moana.Ka whakanuia tēnei e mātou nā te mea ko te 316 anake te momo i roto i ngā mea e toru kei roto te molybdenum (2-3%), e whakarato ana i te ātete tino pai ki te waikura o ngā poka me ngā kapiti i puta mai i ngā katote pūhaumāota.Nā te meaHe nui ngā katote pūhaumāota mai i te tote moana i roto i ngā taiao moana, ko te aroaro, te ngaro rānei o te molybdenum te mea tino nui i roto i tā mātou taunakitanga mō te taumata mō ngā tono ki tai. E hangai ana tēnei ki ngā mātāpono pūtaiao rauemi kua tuhia eTe tohutoro maitai kore waikura a Wikipediame ngā paerewa hangarau waikura i whakaputaina eNACE International.
He āwangawanga motuhake kei te taumata 201 e hiahia ana mātou kia mārama ngā kaihoko moana. Hei whakaiti i ngā utu, ka whakakapia e te 201 te nuinga o te nikara ki te konupora me te hauota. Ahakoa ka iti ake te utu o te 201, ka tino whakaitihia te kaha o te konupora ki te pupuri i tōna paparanga tiaki korekore i roto i ngā taiao whai kōhaita. Kua tuhia e mātou tēnei i roto i ā mātou whakamātautau kounga, ā, koinei te take kāore mātou e tūtohu i te 201 mō tētahi tono here taura moana. Mō te tirohanga hohonu atu ki te huarahi e rapu ai mātou i ā mātou rauemi me te tukatuka, ka tono atu mātou kia toro atu koe ki tā mātoungā raina whakaputawhārangi
Te Whakamārama i te Tikanga Whakamātautau Rehu Tote ASTM B117
TeWhakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117(e mōhiotia ana ko te whakamātautau kohu tote) te paerewa e mōhiotia ana i te ao mō te aromatawai i te ātete ki te waikura o ngā rauemi me ngā paninga whakarewa. Ka whakamahia e mātou tēnei whakamātautau hei wāhanga o tā mātou kawa whakapūmau kounga mō ia puranga whakaputa o ngā here taura e whakamahia ana mō ngā taiao waikura moana, ahumahi rānei. Kua whakapūmautia te whakamātautau e ASTM International, ā, kua tohua e ngā whakahaere tae atu kiNIST, UL, meOSHAi roto i ngā anga hanganga ture rerekē.
Anei te huarahi e whakahaerehia ai e mātou tā mātou tikanga whakamātautau rehu tote:
- Te Whakarite Tauira:Ka whakaritea e mātou ngā tauira here taura mai i ia momo (304, 316, 201) i roto i tō rātou āhua i hangaia ai, kia mau tonu ai te āhua o te mata.
- Tatūnga Rūma:Ka whirihorahia e mātou te rūma rehu tote kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga ASTM B117: 5% te otinga konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl), te pH i waenga i te 6.5 me te 7.2, ka mau tonu te pāmahana o te rūma ki te 35 nekehanga Celsius.
- Te Whakapuakitanga Tonu:Ka rehuhia ngā tauira ki te kohu tote tonu, me te kore e mutu, i te roanga o te whakamātautau.
- Rārangi Arotake:Ka tirotirohia e mātou ngā tauira i ngā wā auau: 24, 72, 168, 336, 500, 720, 1000, 1500, me te 2000 hāora.
- Ngā Paearu Aromatawai:Ka tuhia e mātou te putanga tuatahi mai o te rerekētanga o te mata, te tīmatanga o te waikura e kitea ana (te tīmatanga o te poka), me te ōrau o te horahanga mata e pāngia ana i ia wā.
- Ngā tuhinga:Ka whakaputahia e ia whakamātautau he pūrongo taipitopito me ngā taunakitanga whakaahua me ngā whakatauranga waikura ia hāora.
Nā te meaHe whakamātautau tere te ASTM B117, kāore ngā hua e whakaatu tika ana i te roa o te ora o te mahi i runga i te kaupapa takitahi. Heoi, he whakataurite nui ēnei i waenga i ngā taumata i raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite, whakahaeretia. Ina kī atu mātou ki tētahi tīma hokohoko moana he roa ake te ora o te 316 i te 201 mā te rima tau, neke atu rānei, i roto i te whakamātautau rehu tote, ka mau tonu taua ōwehenga i roto i ngā taiao moana o te ao tūturu. Ka tūtohu mātou kia tirohia hoki e ā mātou kiritaki ngā whakarōpūtanga waikura o te hau i roto i te ISO 9223, e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga hononga o te ao tūturu mō ngā rohe moana rerekē.
Kei roto i tā mātou whare whakamātautau ngā rūma rehu tote kua whakatikatikaina, ā, ka whakamanahia e mātou i ia wā. Ka puritia e mātou ngā tuhinga taipitopito, ā, ka taea e mātou te whakarato tiwhikete whakamātautau mō ngā puranga katoa.here taura kowiri tiraKa tukuna e mātou. He mea nui tēnei māramatanga hei hanga whakawhirinakitanga ki ā mātou kiritaki moana me te takutai moana.
Ngā Hua Whakamātautau Rehu Tote: Ā Mātou Raraunga Whakataurite 304 vs 316 vs 201
Kei te tohaina e mātou ngā hua e whai ake nei mai i tā mātou kaupapa whakamātautau tote ASTM B117 ā-roto. E whakaatu ana ēnei tatauranga i ngā awhe mahi noa e kitea ana e mātou mō ia taumata ina hangaia mā te whakamahi i ā mātou rīpene maitai kore waikura matao. Ka rerekē pea ngā hua takitahi i runga i te hanganga koranu motuhake i roto i te whakatakotoranga taumata me te whakaotinga mata i whakamahia i te wā hangahanga.
| Tawhā | 304 Kowiri tira | 316 Kowiri tira | 201 Kowiri tira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te rerekētanga tuatahi (haora) | 200 – 400 | 400 – 700 | 50 – 120 |
| Te waikura/te pakaru tuatahi e kitea ana (haora) | 800 – 1,200 | 1,500 – 2,500+ | 150 – 300 |
| 5% te waikura o te mata (haora) | 1,200 – 1,800 | 2,500 – 4,000+ | 300 – 500 |
| Te ngaronga o te hanganga pakari (haora) | 2,000 – 3,000 | 4,000 – 6,000+ | 500 – 800 |
| Te roa o te ratonga moana e whakatauhia ana | 5 – 10 tau | 15 – 25+ tau | 1 – 3 tau |
| Te tātaitai utu rauemi whanaunga | 1.0x (tūāpapa) | 1.2x – 1.4x | 0.6x – 0.75x |
| Te whakatauranga o te pai mō te moana | Waenga | Tino pai | Kāore i te tūtohutia |
Nā te meaE whakaatu mārama ana ēnei hua i te rerekētanga o te mahi i waenga i ngā taumata, ā, ka tukuna tonutia e mātou ēnei raraunga ki ā mātou kiritaki moana i mua i tā rātou whakaoti i ā rātou whakaritenga. He kōrero whakamīharo tā ngā raraunga:Ko te roa o ngā here taura kowiri tira 316 e toru ki te rima ngā wā roa atu i ngā here taura 304, ā, tekau ki te rua tekau ngā wā roa atu i ngā here taura 201 i roto i ngā whakamātautau rehu tote.Mō tētahi tīma hokohoko e tohu ana i ngā here taura mō tētahi tūāpapa taiwhenua me te roanga hoahoa 20-tau, nā tēnei raraunga ka tino kaha rawa te take mō te taumata 316.
E hiahia ana hoki mātou ki te whakanui ko tā mātou tukanga hurihuri-makariri me ngā tikanga whakaoti mata e whai wāhi ana ki te pito o runga o ēnei awhe mahi. Ka whakahaerehia e mātou ā mātou tawhā hurihuri hei whakaiti i ngā hapa mata ka noho hei wāhi tīmatanga waikura, he taipitopito e wehewehe ana i ā mātouhere taura raka-whaiaro pōromai i ngā momo rerekē kounga iti kei te mākete. Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō ā mātou tukanga kounga, ka tono atu mātou kia ako atu koemō mātou.
Ngā Taupānga Moana o te Ao Tūturu mō ia Taumata
Ko te whiriwhiri i te taumata tika o te here taura e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mārama ki te taiao moana motuhake e whakatakotoria ai te here. Ka whakarōpūhia e mātou ngā taiao moana ki ngā rohe e toru i runga i te kaha o te pānga, e whai ana i ngā anga e whakamahia ana e ngā whakahaere paerewa o te ao me ō mātou ake wheako mara puta noa i ngā rau o ngā kaupapa moana.
Rohe 1: Te Whakamārama ki te Āhuarangi (Hanganga Tauranga, Whare Putunga, Tauranga Kua Taupokina)
I ngā taiao hau taha-taha, ka anga atu ngā taura taura ki te hau tote engari kāore e pā tika ki te wai tote e tauhiuhi ana, e rumakina ana rānei. Ki tā mātou whakaaro koinei te rohe moana ngawari rawa atu.He pai te mahi a ngā here taura kowiri tira 304 i tēnei rohe, e tuku ana i te 5 ki te 10 tau o te ratonga i mua i te noho hei āwangawanga mō te waikura e kitea ana. Mō ngā tīma hokohoko e whakahaere ana i ngā kaupapa hanganga tauranga nui kei reira ngā herenga tahua nui, ka tukuna e te 304 he taurite mahi o te utu me te pakari. Kua tukuna e mātou ngā here taura 304 mō ngā tāutanga hiko tauranga, te whakahaere taura tauranga kua hipokina, me ngā pūnaha whatanga whare putunga i ngā whakaurunga takutai.
Rohe 2: Rohe Pāpaka (Taputapu Papa Waka, Hanganga Tauranga, Ngā Wāhi e Pāngia ana e te Ngaru)
Ko te rohe pākū te wāhi e tino hiahiatia ai ngā taiao moana. Ka pāngia ngā hononga taura i tēnei rohe e te pā tika ki te wai moana, te hihi UV kaha, te huringa mākū-maroke e tere ake ai te waikura, me te ahotea ā-pūkaha mai i te ngaru me te nekehanga o te waka. Ka tohua e mātouHe here taura kowiri tira 316 mō ngā mahi rohe tauhiuhi anake. Ko te nui o te molybdenum i roto i te 316 e whakarato ana i te ātete ki te pakaru e tika ana hei oranga mō ēnei āhuatanga. Ko ngā tono noa ko te ara taura o te papa kaipuke, te whakahaere taura hanganga o te tauranga, te whakapūmau i te ara whakarunga o te papaaho moana, me ngā tāutanga āwhina whakatere. Ā mātouhere taura raka-whaiaro pōrohe tino rongonui i roto i ngā tono rohe tauhiuhi nā te mea ka ātete tō rātou tikanga raka ki te wetekina o te wiri.
Rohe 3: Rohe Ruku (Taputapu o raro i te wai, Ngā taura o raro i te moana, Ngā tāke taumaha)
Mō te rumaki tonu i te wai moana, ka tūtohu noa mātou316 here taura kowiri tirame ētahi atu mahi tiaki. I roto i ngā āhuatanga tino rumakina, ka waikura tonu te 316, engari ko tōna wā ka inehia i roto i ngā tekau tau kaua i ngā tau. Mō ngā tono i raro i te moana, ka tūtohu pinepine mātou i ā mātouhere taura pania epoxye whakakotahi ana i te ātete waikura o te maitai kore waikura 316 me tētahi paparanga ārai epoxy tāpiri hei tiakitanga mōrahi. Ka whakamahia ēnei mō te here taura raro moana, te whakau i ngā tāke taumaha, me ngā pūnaha tautoko paipa raro wai.
Nā te meaHe rerekē ngā wero waikura o ia rohe moana, ka mahi tahi mātou me ā mātou kiritaki ki te mahere i ō rātou rohe tāutanga i mua i te tūtohu i tētahi taumata motuhake. Nā tēnei huarahi kōrero kua āwhina i a mātou ki te mahi ki ngā tīma hoko moana puta noa i ngā rāngai hanga kaipuke, pūngao moana, hanganga tauranga, me te tiaki moana. Kua whakaputaina e mātou ētahi atu rangahau take ki roto i tā mātou blog, tae atu ki ngā tātaritanga ongā here taura raka-ā-unoa mō ngā tono uauamehangarau here taura raka-ā-unoa o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei.
Ngā Taurite Utu me te Mahi mō ngā Rōpū Hoko
E mārama ana mātou ko ia whakataunga hoko he whakataurite i ngā whakaritenga hangarau me ngā herenga tahua. Kei raro i te pēhanga utu nui ngā mahi a ngā tīma hoko moana, ā, he pono te whakamatautauranga ki te tohu i tētahi taumata iti ake hei whakaiti i ngā utu rauemi. Heoi, kua whakaatuhia e ō mātou wheako ko tete utu katoa o te mana pupuriKo te nui o te whakapau kaha mō ngā here taura i ngā taiao moana ehara i te mea ko te utu hoko tuatahi e whakahaeretia ana e te utu o te whakakapinga, te mahi, me te wā kore mahi puta noa i te huringa oranga o te kaupapa, engari ko te utu o te whakakapinga, te mahi, me te wā kore mahi puta noa i te huringa oranga o te kaupapa.
Me titiro tātou ki tētahi whakatairite utu whai hua i runga i tētahi horopaki hokohoko moana noa:
Horopaki: 10,000 here taura mō tētahi papaaho takutai moana, 20 tau te roa o te oranga hoahoa
- 201 Taumata:Te utu tīmatanga iti rawa (~$0.06 mō ia here = $600 katoa). Heoi, e matapaetia ana e mātou kia 5 ki te 7 ngā whakakapinga i roto i te 20 tau, ia tau e hiahia ana ki te whakatū i ngā tūāpapa, te mahi, me te kati i te hanga. Te utu katoa e matapaetia ana mō ngā tau 20: $15,000 ki te $25,000+
- 304 Taumata:Te utu tīmatanga waenga-awhe (~$0.10 mō ia here = $1,000 katoa). E matapaetia ana e mātou kia 1 ki te 2 ngā whakakapinga i roto i ngā tau 20. Te utu katoa e matapaetia ana mō ngā tau 20: $5,000 ki te $10,000
- 316 Taumata:Te utu tīmatanga teitei rawa (~$0.13 mō ia here = $1,300 katoa). E whakatau ana mātou kāore he whakakapinga mō ngā tau 20 i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe taupatupatu. Te utu katoa mō ngā tau 20 e whakatau ana: $1,300
E whakaatu ana ēnei tau i tētahi mātāpono e tohaina tonutia ana e mātou ki ō mātou kiritaki moana:Ko te here taura iti rawa te utu i te nuinga o te wā koia te mea tino utu nui ina aromatawaitia puta noa i te huringa katoa o te kaupapa. Nā te meaHe nui ake ngā utu mahi mō te whakakapinga here taura ki tāwāhi i te rerekētanga utu rauemi i waenga i ngā momo, ka tūtohu mātou kia tatauhia e ngā tīma hoko te utu katoa o te tāutanga, kaua ko te utu kotahi anake. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he tautoko tauira utu taipitopito hei wāhanga o tā mātou tukanga whakatau utu, ā, ka taea e mātou te mahi tahi me tō tīma hangarau ki te arotau i ngā whakatakotoranga puta noa i ngā rohe rerekē o te kaupapa kotahi.
Mō ngā kaupapa e kore ai e taea te whakarite i te 316 puta noa i ngā herenga tahua, ka tūtohu mātouhuarahi whakatakotoranga taumata: whakamahia te 316 i ngā rohe 2 me te 3 (te tauhiuhi me te rumaki), me te 304 i te rohe 1 (te āhuarangi). Ko tēnei rautaki ranu ka whakaiti i te utu rauemi katoa mā te 20-30% ki te whakataurite ki tētahi whakatakotoranga 316 katoa, me te pupuri tonu i te mahi tika i ngā rohe katoa. Ka tukuna hoki e mātoungā taputapu here taurai hangaia mō te tāutanga whai hua, e whakaiti ana i ngā utu mahi i te wā tuatahi o te whakatinanatanga.
Tā Mātou Anga Whakatau Hoko mō ngā Here Taura Moana
I runga i ō mātou tau o te mahi tahi me ngā tīma hokohoko moana o te ao katoa, kua whakawhanakehia e mātou he anga whakatau pūnaha e taunakihia ana e mātou mō ngā whakaritenga here taura o te moana, o te hanga kaipuke rānei. Mā tēnei anga ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i te taumata tino pai mō ia rohe tono me te whakahaere tonu i ngā utu.
Hipanga 1: Whakarōpūtia te Rohe Waikura
Ka tīmata mātou mā te mahere i ia wāhi here taura ki te rohe waikura moana (hauātea, tauhiuhi, rumaki rānei) mā te whakamahi i te ISO 9223 hei paerewa tohutoro. Mā tēnei whakarōpūtanga ka whakatau i ngā whakataunga katoa e whai ake nei.
Hipanga 2: Whakatauhia te Ora Ratonga e Hiahiatia ana
Ka mahi tahi mātou me tō rōpū hangarau ki te whakatū i te roanga o te ora ratonga mō ia rohe. E 5 tau, e 10 tau, e 20+ tau rānei? Mā tēnei ka whakatau mēnā he pai te whakamahi i tētahi papa iti me ngā whakakapinga kua whakaritea, mēnā rānei he mea whakahau kia whakamahia he papa teitei ake.
Hipanga 3: Raraunga Rehu Tote Tohutoro
Ka whakaritea e mātou te roa o te ora e hiahiatia ana ki ā mātou raraunga whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117 (kei te ripanga whakatairite i runga ake nei) hei tautuhi i te taumata e tutuki ana i te paepae mahi mō ia rohe.
Hipanga 4: Tātaihia te Utu Katoa o te Mana Whakahaere
Ka tatauhia e mātou te utu katoa o te mana pupuri mō ia kōwhiringa taumata mō ngā tau 20, tae atu ki te hoko tuatahi, te mahi whakakapinga, ngā utu whakatū/urunga, me te wā whakatā o te hanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei tātaritanga ko te 316 te kōwhiringa tino ohanga mō ngā rohe tauhiuhi me te rumaki.
Hipanga 5: Kōwhiria te Hoahoa Here Taura
Ka āwhina mātou i a koe ki te whiriwhiri i te hoahoa here taura e tika ana mō ia tono:here taura raka-whaiaro pōromō ngā taiao wiri nui, te raka-ā-unoa paerewa mō te whakamahinga whānui, me ngā momo paninga hei whakarei ake i te tiakitanga. Ka tukuna hoki e mātou he tauritengā taputapu here tauramō te tāutanga ngaio.
Nā te meaHe pānga roa ngā whakataunga hoko moana, ka akiaki mātou i ngā tīma kia whakapau wā ki tēnei aromatawai pūnaha kaua e huri ki te kōwhiringa utu iti rawa. Kei te wātea tā mātou tīma hangarau hei ārahi i a koe i roto i ia taahiraa o tēnei anga me te whakarato taunakitanga ritenga i runga i ngā whakaritenga motuhake o tō kaupapa. Ka taea e koe te arotake i tā mātou whānuitanga hua katoa ohere taura kowiri tira or whakapā maitika mō te kōrerorero.
Ka tūtohu anō mātou kia arotakehia e ngā tīma hokohoko ā mātou rauemi tāpiri, tae atu ki ā mātou pou rangitaki mōkōwhiringa here taura raka-whaiaromehangarau raka o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei, kia mārama ake ai ki ngā whakaaro mō te hoahoa here taura.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te momo maitai kore waikura te mea pai mō ngā here taura moana?
Mō te nuinga o ngā taiao moana, ka tūtohu mātou316 here taura kowiri tiranā te mea kei roto i ēnei he 2-3% molybdenum, e whakarato ana i te ātete pai ki te waikura me te pakaru i puta mai i te hauhāora. I roto i ā mātou whakamātautau rehu tote e ai ki te ASTM B117, e neke atu ana ngā here taura 316 i te 1,500 hāora me te kore e kitea te waikura whero, ā, koinei te whiringa paerewa mō ngā taura kaipuke, ngā papaaho moana, me ngā hanganga tauranga. Heoi, mō ngā rohe tauhiuhi, ngā wāhi rānei he iti noa te pānga tika ki te wai tote, ka taea e ngā here taura kowiri tira 304 te mahi tika i te utu iti iho. Ka tohutohu mātou ki ngā tīma hoko moana kia aromatawai i te rohe waikura motuhake (hauātea, tauhiuhi, rumaki rānei) i mua i te whiriwhiri i tētahi tohu. Ka whakaratohia e mātou he aratohu whakarōpūtanga rohe taipitopito hei wāhanga o tā mātou ratonga kōrero hangarau, ā, ka taea e tā mātou tīma te āwhina i a koe ki te tautuhi i te tohu tika mō ia wāhi tāutanga i runga i tō kaupapa.
Kia pēhea te roa o te mau o ngā here taura kowiri tira 304 i roto i ngā whakamātautau rehu tote?
I roto i ā mātou whakamātautau taiwhanga e whai ana i te paerewa ASTM B117,here taura kowiri tira 304Ko te tikanga ka tīmata te whakaatu i ngā tohu tuatahi o te rerekētanga o te mata i roto i te 500 ki te 800 hāora o te rehu tote tonu. Ko ngā ira waikura e kitea ana, e kiia ana ko te tīmatanga o te poka, ka puta i waenga i te 800 me te 1,200 hāora i runga i te mutunga o te mata me ngā maimoatanga tukatuka-muri i whakamahia. Mō ngā tīma hoko e arotake ana i ngā here taura mō ngā taiao moana ngawari, ka tukuna e te 304 he taurite tika i waenga i te utu me te mahi, engari ka tūtohu tonu mātou kia tāpirihia he tawhā haumaru ina tohua ngā whakaritenga roa o te ratonga. Ka hangaia e ā mātou raina whakaputa ngā here taura 304 me ngā whakaotinga matao-hurihuri tika e whakanui ana i tēnei matapihi ātete waikura. E kite ana hoki mātou he pānga ine te kounga o te whakaotinga mata ki te ātete waikura, koia mātou ka whakahaere marie i ā mātou tawhā tukanga huri.
Ka taea e au te whakamahi i ngā here taura kowiri tira 201 tata ki te moana?
We tino tohutohu kia kaua e whakamahia ngā here taura kowiri tira 201i roto i tētahi taiao kei reira te rehu tote, te kohu moana, te pa tika rānei ki te wai tote. I roto i tā mātou whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117, ka tīmata ngā here taura 201 ki te whakaatu i te waikura o te mata i roto i ngā haora 150 ki te 300, ā, ka puta he waikura nui i roto i ngā haora 500. Ka whakamahia e te 201 te konupūmā me te hauota hei whakakapinga wāhanga mō te nikara, ka tino whakaiti i tōna ātete ki te waikura pūhaumāota. Ahakoa he pai ngā here taura 201 mō ngā tono ahumahi o roto, maroke rānei, he mea nui te penapena utu, ka pakaru wawe i roto i ngā taiao moana, ā, ka puta he herenga nui mō te haumaru me te tiaki. Mō ngā kaupapa hanga kaipuke me te moana, ka tūtohu mātou kia iti rawa te 304, ko te 316 te whakatakotoranga pai. Kua tuhia e mātou he maha ngā take i huri ai ngā kiritaki mai i te 201 ki te 316 i muri i te wheako i ngā pakaru wawe i roto i te tau tuatahi o te whakatinanatanga.
He aha te whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117, ā, he aha te hiranga o tēnei whakamātautau mō te whiriwhiri i ngā here taura?
Ko te whakamātautau rehu tote ASTM B117 he whakamātautau waikura tere kua paerewahia e ngā whakahaere pēnei i a ASTM International,NIST, meSAE InternationalI roto i tēnei whakamātautau, ka whakaatuhia ngā tauira ki te kohu tonu o te otinga konutai pūhaumāota 5% i te 35 nekehanga Celsius i roto i tētahi rūma whakahaere. Ka ine te whakamātautau i te maha o ngā hāora ka taea e tētahi rauemi te ātete i te waikura i raro i ēnei āhuatanga kaha. Mō ngā tīma hokohoko moana, ka whakaratohia e ngā hua ASTM B117 he tohu raraunga pono, rite hoki i te aromatawai i ngā rauemi here taura mai i ngā kaiwhakarato rerekē. Ka whakamahia e mātou tēnei whakamātautau hei wāhanga o tā mātou tukanga whakapūmau kounga mō ia puranga o ngā here taura e whakamahia ana mō ngā tono moana. Ahakoa kāore he whakamātautau tere e tino tārua ana i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu, ka hoatu e ASTM B117 ki ā mātou kiritaki he paearu whāinga mō te whakataurite i ngā tohu 304, 316, me te 201. Ka tohutoro hoki mātou ki te pūnaha whakarōpūtanga mai iNACE Internationalmō ngā raraunga hononga o te ao tūroa.
He aha te rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā here taura kowiri tira 304 me te 316?
Ko te rerekētanga utu i waenga i ngā here taura maitai kore waikura 304 me te 316 kei waenganui i te20% ki te 40%i runga i te rahinga ota, ngā rahinga here taura, me ngā utu rauemi mata o nāianei. Kei roto i te karaehe 316 te molybdenum, he huānga whakarewa utu nui, ā, koinei te pūtake matua o te utu nui. Mō ngā ota hoko moana nui, ka mahi tika mātou me ā mātou kiritaki ki te arotau i ngā whakaritenga me te kimi i te otinga tino whai hua. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka tūtohu mātou i tētahi huarahi taumata: te whakamahi i ngā here taura 316 i ngā rohe tino waikura (ngā rohe tauhiuhi me te rumaki) me te tohu i te 304 mō ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te hau kei reira ngā āhuatanga he iti ake te kaha. Mā tō mātou kaha whakaputa ka taea e mātou te tuku pai i ngā karaehe e rua, ā, ka whakaratohia e mātou ngā wehewehenga utu taipitopito i te wā o te tukanga whakahua utu. Ka akiaki mātou i ngā tīma hoko ki te tono i tā mātou tātaritanga utu katoa o te mana pupuri, e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā huringa whakakapinga me ngā utu mahi puta noa i te roanga o te kaupapa.
Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te here taura tika mō ngā tono papaaho taimoana?
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā here taura mō ngā papaaho taimoana me whai huarahi pūnaha e whai whakaaro ana ki te rohe waikura motuhake, ngā whakaritenga kawenga miihini, me ngā paerewa ahumahi e tika ana. Ka tūtohu mātou kia whai i te whakarōpūtanga waikura hau ISO 9223 hei tautuhi mēnā kei roto te wāhi tāutanga i te kāwai waikura C4 (teitei) C5 (tino teitei) rānei. Mō ngā papaaho taimoana, tata tonu te rohe taupatupatu me ngā rohe tata ki te moana ka taka ki roto i te C5, ko te tikanga ka tohua e mātou he 316 ngā here taura maitai kore waikura hei tūāpapa. Mō ngā wāhi teitei me te iti o te pānga ki te tote, ka rawaka pea te 304. Ka tūtohu hoki mātou kia whakaarohiahere taura raka-whaiaro pōromō ngā tono ki tai nā te mea he pai ake te ātete wiri o tā rātou tikanga raka ki ngā momo whitiki paerewa. Ka āwhina tā mātou tīma hangarau i ngā tīma hoko me ngā arotake whakatakotoranga, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakarato tiwhikete whakamātautau mō ia tuku. Ka tukuna hoki e mātoungā taputapu here taurakua arotauhia mō ngā āhuatanga tāutanga ki tai, kia pai ai te whakamau me te pono ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao wero.
Mō te Kaituhi
Tā Chen
Kaiwhakahaere Hangarau
He tohunga ki te whiriwhiri rauemi kowiri tira, ki ngā tono hurihuri matao, me ngā otinga tuku ahumahi. He nui te wheako o tā mātou kaituhi ki te whakamātautau whakarewa me te whakapūmau kounga, ā, ka ārahi ia i te tīma hangarau ki te whakawhanake i ngā otinga here taura mō ngā taiao moana me ngā taiao ahumahi uaua.
Me hiahia koe ki ngā here taura kowiri tira mō tō kaupapa moana?
Ka whakaratohia e mātou he here taura maitai kore waikura 304, 316, me te paninga epoxy me te tiwhikete whakamātautau rehu tote katoa. Whakapā mai ki tā mātou tīma hangarau mō tētahi whakatau utu me te arotake whakatakotoranga kua whakaritea.
Wā tuku: Akuhata-06-2026
