Me whai here pono koe i ngā āhuatanga uaua.Ngā here taura kowiri tira maukati-akehe mea nui i roto i ngā taiao uaua. He tino pakari te mau. Ka ātete koe ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ko ō rātou kaha ki te mau tonu ka hipa ake i ngā here tuku iho.Ngā Here Taura Kowiri tirawhakarato i tētahi otinga tino pai mō ō hiahia nui.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Maukati-ā-ia-koehere taura kowiri tirahe tino kaha. He pai te mahi i ngā wāhi uaua ka pakaru ai ētahi atu here.
- Ka ātete ēnei here ki te waikura, ki te wera nui, me te makariri. Ka ātete hoki ki ngā kino mai i ngā matū me te rā.
- Mā te raka motuhake o ēnei here ka mau tonu. Nā tēnei ka haumaru mō ngā mahi nui maha.
He aha i kore ai e angitu ngā whakapiringa tuku iho, engari he pai ake ngā here taura maitai kore-rakau-whaiaro
Me whai otinga whakamau e mahi pono ana koe. He maha ngā wā ka hē ngā whakamau tuku iho i ngā āhuatanga uaua. He pai ake te mahi a ngā here taura maitai kore-rakau-mau. Ka hinga i a rātou ngā here o ngā kōwhiringa tuku iho.
Ngā Here o ngā Here Kirihou me ērā atu Here Whakarewa
Ahakoa he mea noa ngā here taura kirihou, he ngoikore nui i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Ka tino whakararu te pāmahana teitei i tōna āhua. Ka whakangawari te kirihou i te wera roa. Ka whakaitihia tōna kaha. Ka wetekina te hanganga ngota. Ka arahi hoki ngā pāmahana teitei roa ki te koroheketanga me te pakarukaru. Ka kino te hanganga o roto i te waikura wera me te tapahi mekameka. Ka hua ake tēnei i te whakapakeketanga kore e taea te hoki. Ka taea e ngā mea hanga kirihou te memeha. Ka kite koe i ngā huringa tae, pērā i te kōwhai me te memeha, i raro i te wera roa me te pānga UV.
He iti anō hoki ngā here whakarewa o ētahi atu, pērā i te konumohe. Tērā pea kāore i te kaha pakari e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi taumaha. Whakaarohia ngā rerekētanga o te kaha kume. Ko ngā here taura nairona, ahakoa te whānui rawa (12.7 mm), ka taea te kaha kume mōrahi ki te 114 kg. He rerekē, ko te here taura maitai kore waikura he 7.9 mm te whānui ka taea te whakarato i te 166 kg o te kaha. E whakaatu ana tēnei rerekētanga nui i te koretake o te maha o ngā rauemi tuku iho mō ngā mahi nui.
| Rauemi | Whānui (mm) | Kaha Kume Mōrahi (kg) |
|---|---|---|
| Nailoni | 2.5 | 8 |
| Nailoni | 12.7 | 114 |
| Kowiri tira | 7.9 | 166 |
Te Hiranga o ngā Rauemi Kāore e Taea te Whakaōrite
Kowiri tiraHe tino pai te kounga o ngā rauemi. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā āhuatanga uaua. Ka whiwhi koe i te ātete tino pai ki te waikura, ki ngā pāmahana tino kino, me te ahotea tinana. Hei tauira, he pai ake te ātete waikura o te maitai 316 ki te maitai 304. He pono rawa tēnei i roto i ngā taiao tote.
| Āhuatanga | 304 Kowiri tira | 316 Kowiri tira |
|---|---|---|
| Ātete Whānui ki te Waikura | Pai, he pai mō ngā momo taiao tae atu ki ngā matū me te makuku. | He pai ake, inā koa ki ngā pūhaumāota me ngā whakarewa ahumahi. |
| Ātete ki ngā Hauhā/Tote | Kāore i te tino pakari ki te whakataurite ki te 316. | I tino whakarei ake nā te tāpiri o te molybdenum; e kiia ana he kounga-moana. |
| Huānga Whakakotahi Matua mō te Ātete | - | Molybdenum (ka whakarei ake i te ātete ki te waikura pūhaumāota, te waikura poka, me te waikura kapiti). |
| Te Whai Hua mō ngā Taiao Moana | Kāore i te tino pai. | He pai ake nā te mea he ātete ake ki te tote (konutai pūhaumāota) i roto i te wai moana. |
He tino pai ake te ātete o te maitai kore waikura 316 ki te waikura me ngā waikawa, ki te whakaritea ki te 304. Nā tēnei he mea rongonui mō ngā taiao takutai me ngā rohe he nui te tote. Ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki kihere taura kowiri tirai roto i ēnei tautuhinga tono nui.
He tino pai hoki te whānuitanga o ngā here taura kowiri tira. He pai te mahi puta noa i te whānuitanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā here taura paerewa 14-inihi kua pania ki te 304 he kowiri tira, ka mahi mai i te -112°F ki te 1000°F. Waihoki, ko ngā here taura paerewa 14-inihi kua pania ki te 316 he kowiri tira, ātete-UV, kua hangaia mō te whānuitanga -112°F ki te 1000°F. Mā tēnei whānuitanga pāmahana mahi whānui ka pono te mahi i ngā wāhi kāore e rahua ētahi atu rauemi.
Te Tūranga Hiranga o te Tikanga Maukati-Ā-Whaiaro
Ko te tikanga raka-ā-unoa tētahi āhuatanga matua o ngā here taura maitai kore-waikura raka-ā-unoa. Mā tēnei tikanga ka mau tonu, ka mau tonu. Ka ārai tēnei tikanga i te wetekina, ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga kino. Mā te tikanga raka pōro pono ka mau tonu te mau kaha, ka mau tonu. Ka mau tonu ahakoa te wiri, te taumaha rānei o ngā kawenga. Mā tēnei tikanga pakari ka mau tonu. E kore e wetekina i roto i te wā.
Ka whai hua koe i tēnei hoahoa pakari. Ka whakarite i te pēhanga ōrite puta noa i te paihere taura. Mā tēnei ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te wetewete. Ka whakarei ake i te mahi taura. Ka whakaroa ake i te roa o te ora o te pūnaha. Ka pai te whakahaere a ngā here taura kowiri tira i ngā taiao wiri nui. Mā ā rātou tikanga raka matatau me ngā hoahoa whakaiti wiri ka whakarite i te pumau. Ka ārai i te paheke. Ka whakaiti i te ahotea. Mā tēnei ka pai mō ngā ahumahi wiri nui.
- Ka whakakorea te whakawhirinaki ki ngā taputapu e ngā tikanga raka-ā-unoa. Ka whakarite kia mau te pupuri me te kore e paheke.
- Ka whakaitihia e te kaha kume teitei te mōrearea pakaru. Ka pai ake te haumaru.
- Mā te ātete ki te waikura me te roa o te mau ka roa te mahi i roto i ngā taiao uaua.
He tino kaha hoki te kawe kawenga o ēnei here. Ka kitea e koe ngā kōwhiringa taumaha tae atu ki te 485 pauna te kaha kume. Ko ngā here taura maitai kore-rakau-mau tonu e tuku ana i te iti rawa o te kaha kume o te 200 pauna.
| Roa | Kaha Kume Iti rawa |
|---|---|
| 5.0″ (127 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 8.0″ (203 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 11.0″ (279 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 15.0″ (363 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 21.0″ (521 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 27.0″ (681 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 33.0″ (838 mm) | 200 pauna |
| 8.0″ (203 mm) | 350 pauna |
| 11.0″ (279 mm) | 350 pauna |
| 15.0″ (363 mm) | 350 pauna |
| 27.0″ (681 mm) | 485 pauna |
Ngā tono tino nui mō ngā here taura maitai kore-waikura e maukati-ā-ia-anō
Ka kitea e koe te raka-ā-unoahere taura kowiri tiraHe mea nui tēnei mō ngā ahumahi maha. Nā ōna āhuatanga ahurei ka kore e taea te whakamahi i ngā wāhi e kore ai e ranea ētahi atu hononga. Ka whakawhirinaki koe ki a rātou mō te mahi haumaru, roa hoki i roto i ngā taiao tino uaua.
Ngā Taiao Moana me te Taiao Moana
He tino uaua ngā taiao moana me ngā taiao tai. Ka tūtaki tonu koe ki te wai tote, te haumākū nui, me te hihi UV kaha. He tino pai ngā here taura maitai kore-rakau e mau tonu ana ki konei. He tino ātete ki te waikura me te pirau.
He tino pai te ātete o ngā momo 304 me te 316L ki te waikura me te pirau. Kāore i rite ki ngā momo kirihou, kāore ngā here kowiri tira e pirau i te roa o te wā e whiti ana ki te rā. Mō ngā taiao moana, mō ngā taiao tino waikura rānei, me whakamahi koe i ngā here kowiri tira 316L hei ārai pai ake.
Whakaarohia ngā rerekētanga o ngā rauemi i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te wai tote:
| Rauemi | Ngā Huānga Matua Ātete-Waikura | Ātete ki te Rehu Tote (Whakamātautau NSS) | Te Tikanga Rahunga i roto i ngā Taiao Moana |
|---|---|---|---|
| 316 Kowiri tira | 2-3% molibdenum (Mo), 16-18% chromium (Cr) | ≥1,000 hāora (kāore he waikura whero) | Te whakapūngao i te mata i muri i ngā hāora 1,200+; ka taea te whakatika mā te whakakorenga |
| 304 Kowiri tira | Kāore he molybdenum, 18-20% chromium | ≤200 hāora (he pakaru nui) | Te waikura matotoru i muri i te 500 hāora |
| Rino Pirau | Paninga konutea (8-15μm) | 200-300 hāora (kua pau te paparanga konutea) | Te rahunga o te waikura turanga i muri i te paninga |
| Nailoni | Matū polymer me ngā whakaū UV | 300-500 hāora (ngoikore) | Te pakaru nā te waikura me te pirau UV |
Ko te maitai kore waikura 316, inā koa ko te AISI 316, kei roto ko te 2-3% molybdenum (Mo). Ka tino whakarei ake tēnei i tōna ātete ki te waikura katote hauota. E whakaū ana ngā whakamātautau rehu tote kūpapa (NSS) kua neke atu i te 1000 hāora tōna ātete ki te rehu tote. He nui ake te pai o tēnei i te maitai kore waikura 304, e whakaatu ana i te pakaru kino i muri i te 200 hāora. Nā tēnei ka tino whai hua te maitai kore waikura 316 ki te ātete ki te tauhiuhi wai moana, te horo o te rehu tote, me te hauhautanga i runga i ngā papa kaipuke, ngā kāpini, me ngā whakaurunga moana. Ka mau tonu te kaha kume o ngā here 316 kua pania ki te PVDF ki te 95% i muri i te 10,000 hāora o te pānga UV (ASTM G155).
He tino pai ngā here taura kowiri tira 316 kounga moana i roto i ngā taiao moana. He ātete ki te waikura me te waikura. Ka ātete pai ki ngā āhuatanga kino o te wai tote. He pai mō te whakamahi i waho, he ātete ki ngā hihi UV me te huarere kino. Mā tēnei ka roa te mahi. Kāore i rite ki ngā here nairona, ka pakaru i roto i ngā marama, ka roa te mahi a ngā here kowiri tira mai i te 10 ki te 30 tau i roto i ngā āhuatanga o waho. Ka mau tonu te kaha me te ngāwari i roto i te wā. Ka ārai te hanganga o ngā rauemi i te kino o te UV. Mā tēnei ka pono te mahi me te pai mō ngā whakaurunga o waho, tae atu ki te ātete ki ngā matū kaha.
Me whai whakaaro hoki koe ki ngā tiwhikete motuhake mō ngā tono moana:
| Paerewa | Āhuatanga Taiao kua Whakatikahia |
|---|---|
| UL 62275 | Ātete ki te hihi ultraviolet, Ātete ki te waikura |
| CSA C22.2 Nama 62275 | Ātete ki te hihi ultraviolet, Ātete ki te waikura |
| NMX-J-623-ANCE | Ātete ki te hihi ultraviolet, Ātete ki te waikura |
| IEC 62275 | Ātete ki te hihi ultraviolet, Ātete ki te waikura |
Mā ngā tiwhikete tāpiri ka whakarite kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga me te haumaru:
| Tiwhikete/Paerewa | Whakaritenga/Kaupapa |
|---|---|
| ASTM B117 | Ngā whakamātautau rehu tote mō te ātete ki te waikura |
| Ngā paerewa UL mō te ārai mura me te iti o te paitini paowa | Te whakaiti i te tukunga hau kino i te wā o te ahi, inā koa mō te whakamahinga o roto |
| UL94 V-0 | Ngā āhuatanga tinei-ā-unoa i roto i te 10 hēkona me te kore e maturuturu |
| DNV-GL, ABS, Rēhita a Lloyd | Te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga a ngā rōpū whakarōpū, me ngā whakamātautau mō te ātete ki te waikura, te pakari o te pāmahana teitei, me te ātete ki te koroheketanga |
| UL94 V-0 (Tefzel®) | Ātete mura, tineia-ake, kāore he tukunga kino i te wā o te ahi |
| Te ātete ki te hihi UV me ngā hihi gamma (Tefzel®) | Te roa o te ora me te pumau o te mahi i te wā e pāngia ana e te rā, e te hihi rānei |
Ngā Tautuhinga Ahumahi me te Hanga
He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā hononga e ngā matū waikura, ngā hinu, me ngā pāmahana tino kino i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi me ngā taiao hangahanga. Ka mau tonu te āhua pai o ngā here taura maitai kore-waikura e raka ana i a ia anō i raro i ēnei āhuatanga.
Ka kitea e koe he whai hua ēnei i roto i ngā whare tukatuka matū i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau. He nui ngā matū waikura i reira. Ka ātete rātou ki te waikura i puta mai i ēnei matū. Mā tēnei ka tiakina ngā taura me ngā taputapu mai i te kino. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia mau te mahi a ngā whare me te haumaru o ngā kaimahi. Ka whakamahia e koe ēnei hei whakau i ngā taura whakahaere i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū, hei whakatika rānei i ngā paipa e kawe ana i ngā wai waikura.
Ka ātete ngā here taura kowiri tira ki ngā momo matū. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, ngā whakarewa, me ngā hinu. Mā tēnei ka pono te mahi i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi uaua. Ka ātete rātou ki te pirau mai i ngā hihi UV, te huarere kino, me te pānga o ngā matū. Mā tēnei ka pai mō ngā wāhi uaua pērā i ngā papaaho moana me ngā whare ahumahi. Nā te pakari o te mau, kāore e pakaru ahakoa i te makariri rawa, i te roa rānei o te rā. Ka tiakina e te kiriata chromium oxide kore e mahi i te makuku me ngā matū.
Ngā Hiahia mō ngā Motuka me ngā Rererangi
Ko ngā tono waka me te rererangi e hiahia ana ki ngā whakapiripiri he ātete tino pai ki te wiri, te roa o te ngenge, me te pumau o te pāmahana. Me whai wāhanga koe e mahi pai ana i raro i ngā kawenga hihiri me ngā āhuatanga tino kino.
Ka puta tonu te wiri me ngā huringa kawenga miihini i ngā waka. He mea nui ngā whakapiripiri me ngā miro raka-ake, ngā papa nairona, ngā horoi raka rānei. Ka mau tonu te utaina i mua i raro i ngā āhuatanga hihiri. Mō ngā whakapiripiri i roto i ngā huihuinga miihini nui, inā koa ka wiri ngā wāhanga miihini, me pai te ngāwari o te rauemi. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te pakarukaru. Me whakaatu ngā whakapiripiri motuka i te ātete wiri me te roa o te ngenge. Me tu atu ngā whakapiripiri miihini me te tuku i ngā pāmahana teitei me ngā kawenga taipana.
I roto i te ao rererangi, me whai rauemi e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa haumaru me te mahi pakari. Ko ngā here taura kowiri tira raka-ake i hangaia mai iKowiri tira kounga 316He tino pai mō ngā mahi rererangi. Ka whakaratohia e rātou te kaha e tika ana, te ātete ki te waikura, me te pumau o te pāmahana mō ngā pūnaha nui.
Ngā Wero o te Hanganga me te Hanganga
Me whai otinga pakari mō ngā kaupapa hanganga me ngā kaupapa hanga. Me whai rauemi e ātete ana ki ngā āhuatanga kino o waho, ki ngā kawenga taumaha, me ngā mōrearea ahi.
Ka tu atu ngā here taura whakarewa ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ka ātete ki te waikura mai i ngā matū, ngā hinu, me te wai tote. Nā tēnei ka tino pakari rātou i roto i ngā taiao moana me ngā tipu matū. Ka mau tonu te mahi i raro i ngā pāmahana tino kaha. He whānui te awhe mahi mai i te -80°C ki te +538°C. Hei tāpiri, he ātete ā-taiao ki ngā hihi UV me te ahi. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei whiringa pai mō ngā mahi o waho me te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e te rā.
Ka whai hua koe i tōna pakari tino pai me te ātete ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. Ka roa te pono. Ka tino ātete ki te waikura, te waikura, ngā pāmahana tino kino, me te hihi UV. Nā tēnei ka pai mō te whakamahi i waho. He tino kaha. Ka tu atu ki ngā kawenga taumaha me ngā āhuatanga taiao kino. Ka mau tonu te pono me te mahi i roto i ngā pāmahana rerekē, mai i te makariri nui ki te wera nui.
Ka roa te mau o ngā here taura kua pania ki te kowiri tira epoxy i waho mō te 10 ki te 30 tau. He nui ake te pai o tēnei i ngā here kirihou. He tino pai hoki te mahi i roto i ngā taiao waikura pērā i ngā takutai moana, i ngā whare matū rānei. Ka roa te mau ki te rima tau, engari ko ngā here kirihou ka pirau i roto i ngā marama e ono.
Ka whakarei ake ngā here taura kowiri tira i te haumaru ahi i roto i ngā kaupapa hanganga tūmatanui. Ka tutuki i ēnei ture ngā whakaritenga hou, inā koa ko te BS 7671 o ngā Ture Hiko, i whai mana i te 1 o Hānuere, 2015. E whakahau ana ēnei ture kia whakamahia ngā here me ngā whakapiri ātete ahi mō ngā taura. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te hinga wawe i te wera nui. Kāore i rite ki ngā momo kore-whakarewa, ka ātete ngā here taura kowiri tira ki ngā pāmahana tata ki te 500°C. Mā tēnei ātete wera teitei ka noho tonu ngā pūnaha waea hei tautoko i te wā e pāngia ana e te ahi. Mā tēnei ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te wetewete o ngā waea me te rewa o ngā hononga. He āwangawanga haumaru nui ēnei i roto i ngā hanganga tūmatanui.
Ngā Whakaritenga Akuaku mō te Tukatuka Kai
Ko ngā taiao tukatuka kai e hiahia ana kia tutuki ngā paerewa akuaku teitei rawa atu. Me whai otinga whakapiri hei ārai i te tipu me te poke o ngā huakita.
Kaua ngā huakita e noho ki roto i ngā whakapiripiri. He mea nui ngā mata maeneene, kāore e pūwero kia māmā ai te horoi. Ka ārai i te mau o ngā poke. Me whakaiti te hoahoa i ngā kapiti ka taea e ngā huakita te kohikohi. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā mata maeneene, te iti o ngā āputa, me ngā mowhiti hiri rapa. Me hanga ngā whakapiripiri ki ngā rauemi ātete-waikura pēnei i te maitai kore waikura. Me ngāwari te horoi me te tiaki. Ka ārai tēnei i te kohikohinga o ngā huakita me ngā poke.
Whakaarohia ēnei paerewa mō ngā taputapu tukatuka kai:
| Paerewa/Whakaritenga | Whakaahuatanga |
|---|---|
| Te pakari | Me ātete ngā rauemi ki te waikura matū, ki ngā pēhanga, me ngā pāmahana. |
| Hototahitanga | Me hototahi ngā rauemi ki ngā otinga horoi, ngā tikanga SIP, me ngā tikanga tukatuka koiora, me te piri ki ngā aratohu ASME BPE. |
| Te ōritetanga | Ko ngā mata e horoia ana ki te SIP, ki ngā wai rānei, me kaua e mimiti, kia ātete ki te uru, kia kore e mangere, kia kore e paitini, kia ātete ki te waikura me te rakuraku, kia kore e wairewa, kia ōrite hoki ki te taiao. |
| Te horoi | Me pai te urupare a ngā taputapu ki te horoinga o te mata, me te kore he hapa. Me karo ngā whakapiri me ngā miro i te pānga ki ngā wai horoi, ā, me whakaiti te whakamahinga o ngā āpitihanga pūtu. |
| Te Āheinga ki te Wai | Me hoahoa ngā pūnaha mō te rerenga wai ā-papa, me te hikoi tonu e ai ki ngā paerewa ASME BPE, hei tango i ngā taumahatanga koiora. |
| Ngā Whakaritenga Tāpiri | Ngā whakaaro motuhake mō ngā pūnaha Horoi-i-te-Wāhi (CIP), tae atu ki te wātea o ngā hinu whakahinuhinu me te hoahoa o waho mō te horoinga auau. |
Kāore te maitai kore-pūpū e pūngāwerewere. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te mimiti o ngā huakita, te makuku, ngā poke rānei. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te horoi me te horoi. Ka ārai i te tipu o ngā huakita. Ka ātete ki te waikura me ngā matū kino pērā i ngā patu huakita kaha, ngā tango hinu, me ngā patu huakita kounga kai. He maha ngā kirihou ka pakaru, ka tukuna hoki ngā matūriki moroiti. Kāore ngā here taura maitai kore-pūngāwerewere e maringi. Mā tēnei ka whakakorea te tūponotanga o ngā matūriki e poke ana i ngā hua kai. He take noa tēnei mō ngā here kirihou e pakaru ana. Ko te maitai kore-pūngāwerewere kounga 316 e tohuhia ana mō tōna roa, tōna ātete matū, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa haumaru kai. Nā tēnei ka pai mō ngā taiao tukatuka kai.
He mea nui ngā here taura maitai kore-rakau-mau i roto i ngā taiao uaua. Ko ōna āhuatanga rauemi pai me te tikanga raka-mau pakari ka whakarato i te pakari e kore e taea te whakataurite. Ka ātete ki ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Ka tutuki i a koe te mau roa, te haumaru i te wā e kore ai e ranea ētahi atu otinga. Mā tēnei ka taurangi te haumaru, te pono, me te haere tonu o te mahi.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te mea e pai ake ai ngā here taura kowiri tira i te kirihou i ngā taiao uaua?
Ka kitea e koe he roa rawa te mau o ngā here kowiri tira. Ka ātete ki ngā pāmahana tino kino, ki ngā hihi UV, me ngā matū waikura. Ka pirau ngā here kirihou i raro i ēnei āhuatanga.
Ko tēhea momo here taura kowiri tira me whakamahi mō ngā mahi moana?
Me whiriwhiri e koe ngā here taura he kowiri tira 316L. Kei roto i tēnei momo te molybdenum. He ātete pai rawa atu ki te waikura o te wai tote me te pūhaumāota.
Ka taea e ēnei here taura te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino kino?
Ae, ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki ki a rātou i te wera nui, i te makariri rānei. Ka mahi pai rātou mai i te -112°F ki te 1000°F. Mā tēnei ka pumau te mahi.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 27-2025
